AIDS
-
In its 2006 HIV testing guidelines, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended routine testing in all US medical settings. Given that many physicians do not routinely test for HIV, the objective of this study was to summarize our current understanding of why US physicians do not offer HIV testing. ⋯ US physicians experience many policy-based, logistical, and educational barriers to HIV testing. Although some barriers are exclusive to the practice setting studied, substantial overlap was found across practice settings. Some or all of these barriers must be addressed before the CDC recommendation for routine HIV testing can be realized in all US medical settings.
-
Multicenter Study
Chronic hepatitis B and other correlates of spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus among HIV-infected people with hemophilia.
To identify correlates of spontaneous hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. ⋯ HCV clearance is unambiguously and markedly increased with chronic HBV infection among HIV co-infected people.
-
To examine the effect of antiretroviral agents and clinical factors on the development of tenofovir-associated kidney dysfunction. ⋯ Didanosine and amprenavir use, increased age, and lower baseline weight were significantly associated with risk for kidney dysfunction among patients receiving tenofovir. GFR results using the MDRD equation were inconsistent with those using CG, which highlights the impact of including weight in the estimation of GFR among HIV-infected patients.
-
Tuberculosis is a common complication and leading cause of death in HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) lowers the risk of tuberculosis, but may not be sufficient to control HIV-related tuberculosis. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) reduces tuberculosis incidence significantly, but is not widely used. ⋯ The use of both IPT and ART in HIV-infected patients is associated with significantly reduced tuberculosis incidence. In conjunction with expanded access to ART, the wider use of IPT in patients with HIV will improve tuberculosis control in high burden areas.
-
ANTIRETROVIRAL ROLLOUT IN BRAZIL AND THAILAND: Brazil and Thailand are among few developing countries to achieve universal access to antiretroviral therapy. Three factors were critical to this success: legislation for free access to treatment; public sector capacity to manufacture medicines; and strong civil society action to support government initiatives to improve access. LOCAL PRODUCTION OF AFFORDABLE, NON-PATENTED DRUGS: Many older antiretroviral drugs are not patented in either country and affordable generic versions are manufactured by local pharmaceutical institutes. ⋯ Middle-income countries are unable to pay the high prices of multinational pharmaceutical companies. By relying on negotiations with companies, Brazil pays up to four times more for some drugs compared with prices available internationally. Compulsory licensing has brought treatment with newer antiretrovirals within reach in Thailand, but has resulted in pressure from industry and the US government. An informed and engaged civil society is essential to support governments in putting health before trade.