Lung cancer : journal of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer
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Inhibitors of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway show the potential to substantially increase the efficacy of therapy for various malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). At the same time, substantial effort has been invested in finding biomarkers predicting which patients will respond best to this immune checkpoint inhibition. PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, genetic alterations and mutational load in tumor cells, and pre-existing immunity and its enhancement during treatment through tumor-infiltrating immune cells have been associated with outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibition. Here, we review the reported predictive biomarkers of response to PD-1 pathway immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC, mainly focusing on results obtained with clinical trials.
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Review Meta Analysis
Smoking cessation interventions within the context of Low-Dose Computed Tomography lung cancer screening: A systematic review.
The integration of smoking cessation interventions (SCIs) within the context of lung cancer screening programs is strongly recommended by screening guidelines, and is a requirement for Medicare coverage of screening in the US. In Europe, there are no lung cancer screening guidelines, however, research trials are ongoing, and prominent professional societies have begun to recommend lung cancer screening. Little is known about the types and efficacy of SCIs among patients receiving low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening. ⋯ Findings from this review suggest that participation in a lung screening trial promotes smoking cessation and may represent a teachable moment to quit smoking. Findings also suggest that providers can take advantage of this potentially teachable moment, and that SCIs have been successfully implemented in screening settings. Continued systematic and methodologically sound research in this area will help improve the knowledge base and implementation of interventions for this population of smokers at risk for chronic disease.
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Review Meta Analysis
Smoking cessation interventions within the context of Low-Dose Computed Tomography lung cancer screening: A systematic review.
The integration of smoking cessation interventions (SCIs) within the context of lung cancer screening programs is strongly recommended by screening guidelines, and is a requirement for Medicare coverage of screening in the US. In Europe, there are no lung cancer screening guidelines, however, research trials are ongoing, and prominent professional societies have begun to recommend lung cancer screening. Little is known about the types and efficacy of SCIs among patients receiving low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening. ⋯ Findings from this review suggest that participation in a lung screening trial promotes smoking cessation and may represent a teachable moment to quit smoking. Findings also suggest that providers can take advantage of this potentially teachable moment, and that SCIs have been successfully implemented in screening settings. Continued systematic and methodologically sound research in this area will help improve the knowledge base and implementation of interventions for this population of smokers at risk for chronic disease.
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Review Case Reports
K-RAS mutations indicating primary resistance to crizotinib in ALK-rearranged adenocarcinomas of the lung: Report of two cases and review of the literature.
The paradigm of mutually exclusive alterations among oncogenic drivers in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is challenged by the increasing evidence of detection of two or more driver alterations in the same tumor using highly-sensitive molecular assays. We report here two cases of ALK-rearranged adenocarcinomas harboring concomitant exon 2 K-RAS mutations (G13D and Q61H). The patients, a 49-year-old smoker man and a 59-year-old non-smoking woman, experienced a rapid disease progression and primary resistance to crizotinib. ⋯ Among 8 similar cases receiving crizotinib previously reported (4 in first line and 4 in second line), 1 had a partial response, 1 stable disease and 6 disease progression. One patient still had progression disease when switching to ceritinib. At the end, K-RAS mutations seem to represent a negative predictive marker in ALK-rearranged adenocarcinomas treated with ALK inhibitor.
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Since the discovery of sensitizing EGFR mutations as a predictive marker of sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the field of targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been revolutionized. Patients harbouring these sensitizing mutations treated with EGFR TKI have derived significant clinical outcome when compared with standard platinum based chemotherapy doublets. However disease progression invariably occurs at a median of about 9-13 months from initiation treatment, if acquired resistance commonly due to the development of EGFR T790M mutation. ⋯ Acquired resistance to third generation EGFR TKIs has been reported including EGFR C797S. Given its non-invasive nature, plasma ctDNA is being explored as a possible approach to detect T790M mutation and to also inform on novel molecular mechansims of tertiary resistance to third generation EGFR TKIs. An understanding of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to the third-generation EGFR TKIs will greatly aid in the development of the next generation of EGFR TKIs.