Nutrition
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The first aim of this study was to determine the metabolic type of individuals based on the postprandial metabolic response after the ingestion of a meal challenge that was high protein and either high glucose (high GI) or fructose (low GI). The second aim was to compare the baseline characteristics between the different metabolic types (metabotypes). The third aim was to assess whether the inclusion of fructose or glucose in a high-protein breakfast modulated the glucose, insulin, and TG response over a 4-h period. ⋯ Three metabolic types with a distinct metabolic response could be distinguished after a high fructose meal. The results suggest a different risk profile and may indicate why some people develop diabetes in an obesogenic environment. Improved metabolic-type assessments will enable us to develop and optimize nutritional and medical interventions for individuals with differing diabetes risk.
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To examine the effects of a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-α) agonist treatment on interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) whitening, focusing on thermogenic, lipolysis, and lipid oxidation markers in mice fed a high-fat or high-fructose diet. ⋯ The PPAR-α agonist countered iBAT whitening by inducing the thermogenic pathway and reducing the lipid droplet size, in addition to enhanced VEGF-A expression, adrenergic stimulus, and lipolysis in HF-fed mice.
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Currently 1 million Australians are living with depression each year, with an average of one in eight men experiencing the disorder. Studies have shown that individual nutrients, fruit and vegetable intake, polyphenols, and whole dietary patterns can have a positive effect on depressive symptoms. In particular, the Mediterranean diet has shown promising preliminary findings. The aim of this study was to assess the diet quality and knowledge of young men in relation to depressive symptoms. ⋯ These results highlighted the relatively poor diets of this population. This group of young men would greatly benefit from a quality diet such as the Mediterranean diet. The reported willingness to change their diets is encouraging and supports the viability of dietary intervention trials in this demographic. The dietary data presented in this study can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at improving the diets of young men with depression.
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Review Meta Analysis
Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide and all-cause mortality: Findings from an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
The gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been regarded as one of the potent risk factors for cardiovascular events and diabetes. In the current meta-analysis we quantitatively summarized and updated the results of studies regarding the association between TMAO and mortality. A systematic search was performed from PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Embase. ⋯ There were 31 230 participants included and the results showed that being in the highest category of TMAO increased the hazard ratio (HR) of mortality by 47%. Moreover, there was a non-linear association between increased TMAO concentrations and HR of mortality. In the current dose-response meta-analysis, we revealed a positive association between TMAO and mortality risk among an adult population.
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This paper reviews the published evidence on early-life intestinal microbiota development, as well as the different factors influencing its development before, at, and after birth. A literature search was done using PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE databases. A growing body of evidence indicates that the intrauterine environment is not sterile as once presumed, but that maternal-fetal transmission of microbiota occurs during pregnancy. ⋯ A growing number of studies have reported on how the composition and development of the microbiota during early life will affect risk factors related to health up to and during adulthood. If exclusive breastfeeding is not possible, the composition of infant formula should be adapted to stimulate the development of a bifidobacterial-dominated gut microbiota typical of that observed in breastfed infants. The main components in breast milk that stimulate the growth of specific bifidobacteria are HMOs.