Nutrition
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Celiac disease (CD) treatment involves a gluten-free diet (GFD). There is no standardized tool for dietitians to objectively grade GFD adherence. This study aimed to develop a standardized tool for dietitians to evaluate and communicate GFD adherence. ⋯ DIET-GFD is a useful tool for dietitians to evaluate GFD adherence. Further studies are needed to confirm that the score from the DIET-GFD is reliable across various settings.
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Maltase-glucoamylase (Mgam) and sucrase-isomaltase (Si) are mucosal α-glucosidases required for the digestion of starch to glucose. We hypothesized that a dietary approach to reduce Mgam and Si activities can reduce glucose generation and absorption, and improve glucose control. ⋯ Decreased glucogenesis from a digestible starch feeding was found in mice conditioned on slowly digestible starch diets, suggesting that a dietary approach incorporating slowly digestible starches may change α-glucosidase activities to moderate glucose absorption rate.
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Gut microbiota profiles contribute to differences in obesity phenotype. We examined the abundance of the species Clostridium butyricum in relation to obesity phenotype. ⋯ While C. butyricum is a known saccharolytic, its proliferation is not enhanced by fermentation of resistant starch. C. butyricum maybe one of the species that constitute a core microbiota involved in energy storage and metabolism through mechanisms that are not yet known.
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Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a dietary therapeutic remedy for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Gut microbiota may influence the host metabolism and nutritional status of individuals. Given the significance of TRF and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases, the aim of this study was to explore the association between TRF and gut microbiota in healthy individuals, which is not clearly elucidated. ⋯ The present study demonstrated that TRF is associated with microbial composition and relative abundance. TRF intervention might increase microbial abundance, thereby influencing the host metabolism and nutritional status.
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The first aim of this study was to determine the metabolic type of individuals based on the postprandial metabolic response after the ingestion of a meal challenge that was high protein and either high glucose (high GI) or fructose (low GI). The second aim was to compare the baseline characteristics between the different metabolic types (metabotypes). The third aim was to assess whether the inclusion of fructose or glucose in a high-protein breakfast modulated the glucose, insulin, and TG response over a 4-h period. ⋯ Three metabolic types with a distinct metabolic response could be distinguished after a high fructose meal. The results suggest a different risk profile and may indicate why some people develop diabetes in an obesogenic environment. Improved metabolic-type assessments will enable us to develop and optimize nutritional and medical interventions for individuals with differing diabetes risk.