The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology
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Computed tomography (CT) has played an important role in improving our knowledge of the pathophysiology of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and in determining the morphological and functional relationships of different manoeuvres commonly used in the therapeutic management of this syndrome (changes in body position, application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and mechanical ventilation). During the early phase of the disease, the ARDS lung is characterized by a homogenous alteration of the vascular permeability. Thus, oedema accumulates evenly in all lung regions with a nongravitational distribution (homogenous lung). ⋯ During late ARDS, there is less compression atelectasis and the lung undergoes structural changes, due to the reduced amount of oedema. This is usually associated with CO2 retention and the development of emphysema-like lesions. In conclusion, computed tomography is not only a research tool, but a useful technique which allows a better understanding of the progressive change in strategy needed to ventilate the adult respiratory distress syndrome lung at different stages of the disease.
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In the fluid-filled lungs of early adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) the dependent parts are compressed and atelectatic; whereas, the nondependent areas remain aerated and functional. Ventilating these considerably restricted lungs carries the risk of overinflation and ventilatory-induced lung injury (baro-volutrauma). ⋯ No clinical study has yet convincingly demonstrated the benefit of IRV compared to conventional ventilation, controlled clinical long-term trials are not yet available; and 5) using superimposed spontaneous breathing which may be considerably more effective in opening up collapsed alveoli, combined with intentional intrinsic PEEP this is achieved in airway pressure release ventilation (APRV). Other new principles of mechanical ventilation, such as "proportional assist ventilation" or "tracheal gas insufflation" must still be considered as experimental.
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This flow cytometric study was designed to identify, characterize and quantify alveolar monocyte-like cells in healthy volunteers and in patients with chronic inflammatory lung disease. Cells were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from 19 patients with sarcoidosis, 29 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 10 with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 19 with collagen vascular disease, and from 10 healthy volunteers. By taking advantage of the distinct electro-optical features of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and monocyte-like cells, the numbers of alveolar monocyte-like cells were counted, the cell dimensions calculated, and the densities of antigens on the surface of alveolar monocyte-like cells and AMs were compared. ⋯ Positive correlations were found between numbers of monocyte-like cells and expression of the monocyte-associated surface antigens CD11b and CD14 on total AMs; in contrast, an inverse relationship existed between monocyte numbers and expression of the macrophage-associated surface antigens CD16 and HLA-DR. When the patients were assigned to two groups according to the percentage of BAL monocyte-like cells being lower or higher than 13% (= mean value of the controls +2SD), it could be demonstrated that a high percentage of BAL monocyte-like cells was associated with significantly reduced lung function parameters. In summary, our flow cytometric data strongly support the view that considerable numbers of blood monocytes are recruited to the bronchoalveolar space in patients with chronic inflammatory lung disease.