Infectious disease clinics of North America
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Otorrhea, or discharge from the ear, may be associated with otitis media or otitis externa. Each episode of otorrhea requires examination of the external ear canal and middle ear to determine the origin and extent of disease, a complete understanding of the pathogenesis, and a therapeutic approach that considers the microbiology and the extent of tissue invasion. This review focuses on infections of the middle ear and external ear commonly associated with otorrhea. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, methods of diagnosis, and medical and surgical therapies are presented.
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Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. · Mar 1988
Review Comparative StudyThe sore throat. Pharyngitis and epiglottitis.
Sore throat can be caused by different microorganisms and diseases. Most cases of acute pharyngitis are caused by group A streptococcus or viruses; however, uncommon organisms may be suggested by other clinical information or the persistence of symptoms. A thorough history and physical examination are essential for the appropriate selection of diagnostic tests for sore throat. ⋯ Sore throat caused by viruses usually resolves spontaneously. Cases that persist should be thoroughly re-evaluated, with alternative causes being considered. Acute epiglottitis is a medical emergency and requires treatment with appropriate antibiotics for Hemophilus influenzae type b and intubation.