Substance abuse : official publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse
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The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately disrupts the daily lives of marginalized populations. Persons with substance use disorders are a particularly vulnerable population because of their unique social and health care needs. ⋯ Hence, we discuss: (1) why persons with substance use disorders are at increased risk for infection with COVID-19 and a severe illness course; (2) anticipated adverse consequences of COVID-19 in persons with substance use disorders; (3) challenges to health care delivery and substance use treatment programs during and after the COVID-19 pandemic; and (4) the potential impact on clinical research in substance use disorders. We offer recommendations for clinical, public health, and social policies to mitigate these challenges and to prevent negative outcomes.
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Review Case Reports
Consideration of opioid agonist treatment in a pregnant adolescent: A case report and literature review.
Background: Opioid use greatly increases the risk of overdose death, as well as contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis. Opioid agonist treatment is recommended for pregnant women who are dependent on opioids. However, there is a dearth of studies on the use of opioid agonist treatment in pregnant teenagers. ⋯ A did not attend outpatient treatment and was lost to follow up. Discussion: Based upon our experience and review of the studies regarding opioid use disorder (OUD) and perinatal and adolescent opioid use, we recommend that pregnant adolescents with OUD be referred to opioid agonist treatment with buprenorphine or methadone. Studies specifically addressing opioid agonist treatment in pregnant teenagers are needed.
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Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), such as methadone and buprenorphine, are effective strategies for treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) and reducing overdose risk. MOUD treatment rates continue to be low across the US, and currently, some evidence suggests access to evidence-based treatment is becoming increasingly difficult for those with OUD as a result of the 2019 novel corona virus (COVID-19). A major underutilized source to address these serious challenges in the US is community pharmacy given the specialized training of pharmacists, high levels of consumer trust, and general availability for accessing these service settings. ⋯ Unfortunately, US pharmacists are not permitted to prescribe MOUD and are only currently allowed to dispense methadone for the treatment of pain, not OUD. US policymakers, regulators, and practitioners must work to facilitate this advancement of community pharmacy-based through research, education, practice, and industry. Advancing community pharmacy-based MOUD for leading clinical management of OUD and dispensation of treatment medications will afford the US a critical innovation for addressing the opioid epidemic, fallout from COVID-19, and getting individuals the care they need.
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Background: With the rapid rise in opioid overdose-related deaths, state policy makers have expanded policies to increase the use of naloxone by emergency medical services (EMS). However, little is known about changes in EMS naloxone administration in the context of continued worsening of the opioid crisis and efforts to increase use of naloxone. This study examines trends in patient demographics and EMS response characteristics over time and by county urbanicity. ⋯ S. Census Regions, with the highest rates of suburban administration occurring in the South. Conclusions: Naloxone administration rates increased more quickly than opioid deaths across all levels of county urbanicity, but increases in the percentage of individuals requiring multiple doses and refusing subsequent care require further attention.
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Background: Benzodiazepine use in the US Veterans Administration (VA) has been decreasing; however, a small number of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continue to receive benzodiazepine. Academic detailing, a targeted-educational outreach intervention, was implemented at VA to help reduce the disparity between existing and evidence-based practices, including the reduction in benzodiazepine use in veterans with PTSD. Since evidence to support the national implementation of academic detailing in this clinical scenario was scarce, we performed a quality improvement evaluation on academic detailing's impact on benzodiazepine use in veterans with PTSD. ⋯ Similar findings were reported for the benzodiazepine day supply; however, no significant differences were reported for total and average LEDD. Conclusions: Although benzodiazepine use has been decreasing in veterans with PTSD, opportunities to improve prescribing continue to exist at the VA. In this quality improvement evaluation, AD-exposed providers were associated with a greater reduction in the prevalence of veterans with PTSD and a benzodiazepine prescription compared with AD-unexposed providers.