Journal of neurotrauma
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Journal of neurotrauma · Jan 2016
Multicenter Study Observational StudyAbility of Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase-L1, and S100B to Differentiate Normal and Abnormal Head Computed Tomography Findings in Patients with Suspected Mild or Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.
Head computed tomography (CT) imaging is still a commonly obtained diagnostic test for patients with minor head injury despite availability of clinical decision rules to guide imaging use and recommendations to reduce radiation exposure resulting from unnecessary imaging. This prospective multicenter observational study of 251 patients with suspected mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) evaluated three serum biomarkers' (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 [UCH-L1] and S100B measured within 6 h of injury) ability to differentiate CT negative and CT positive findings. Of the 251 patients, 60.2% were male and 225 (89.6%) had a presenting Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15. ⋯ In our patient cohort, UCH-L1 outperformed GFAP and S100B when the goal was to reduce CT use without sacrificing sensitivity. UCH-L1 values <40 pg/mL could potentially have aided in eliminating 83 of the 215 negative CT scans. These results require replication in other studies before the test is used in actual clinical practice.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Jan 2016
Division III Collision Sports Are Not Associated with Neurobehavioral Quality of Life.
We sought to determine whether the exposure to the sub-concussive blows that occur during division III collegiate collision sports affect later life neurobehavioral quality-of-life measures. We conducted a cross-sectional study of alumni from four division III colleges, targeting those between the ages of 40-70 years, using several well-validated quality-of-life measures for executive function, general concerns, anxiety, depression, emotional and behavior dyscontrol, fatigue, positive affect, sleep disturbance, and negative consequences of alcohol use. We used multivariable linear regression to assess for associations between collision sport participation and quality-of-life measures while adjusting for covariates including age, gender, race, annual income, highest educational degree, college grades, exercise frequency, and common medical conditions. ⋯ When subjects with a history of concussion were removed from the analyses in order to assess for any potential effect of sub-concussive blows alone, negative consequences of alcohol use remained higher among collision sport athletes (β-coefficient 1.957, 95% CI 0.827-3.086). There were, however, no other significant associations between exposure to collision sports during college and any other quality-of-life measures. Our results suggest that, in the absence of a history of concussions, participation in collision sports at the Division III collegiate level is not a risk factor for worse long-term neurobehavioral outcomes, despite exposure to repeated sub-concussive blows.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Jan 2016
Expression of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters B1 and C1 after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans.
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins ABCC1 and ABCB1 (also known as multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and p-glycoprotein, respectively), are key membrane efflux transporters of drugs and endogenous substrates, including in the brain. The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on ABCC1 and ABCB1 expression in humans is unknown. We hypothesized that ABCC1 and ABCB1 expression would be altered in brain tissue from patients acutely after severe TBI. ⋯ ABCC1 immunohistochemistry was consistent with Western blot data, with increased immunoreactivity in cerebral blood vessel walls, as well as cells with the morphological appearance of neurons and glia in TBI versus controls. Relative abundance of ABCB1 was similar between TBI and controls (p=0.76), and ABCB1 immunoreactivity was primarily associated with cerebral blood vessels in both groups. These human data show that TBI increases ABCC1 expression in the brain, consistent with possible implications for both patients receiving pharmacological inhibitors and/or substrates of ABCC1 after TBI.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Jan 2016
First- and second-order stimuli reaction time measures are highly sensitive to mild traumatic brain injuries.
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has subtle effects on several brain functions that can be difficult to assess and follow up. We investigated the impact of mTBI on the perception of sine-wave gratings defined by first- and second-order characteristics. Fifteen adults diagnosed with mTBI were assessed at 15 days, 3 months, and 12 months postinjury. ⋯ All these observations were made over the three sessions. The level of symptoms observed in mTBI was higher than that of control participants, and this difference did also persist up to 1 year after the brain injury, despite an improvement. The combination of RT measures with particular stimulus properties is a highly sensitive method for measuring mTBI-induced visuomotor anomalies and provides a fine probe of the underlying mechanisms when the brain is exposed to mild trauma.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Jan 2016
Methylene blue improves lesion volume, multi-parametric quantitative MRI measurements, and behavioral outcome following TBI.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a primary cause of death and disability in both civilian and military populations worldwide. There is a critical need for the development of neuroprotective agents that can circumvent damage and provide functional recovery. We previously showed that methylene blue (MB), a U. ⋯ The data further support the potential for MB as a neuroprotective treatment, especially when medical teatment is not readily available. MB has an excellent safety profile and is clinically approved for other indications. MB clinical trials on TBI can thus be readily explored.