Current opinion in anaesthesiology
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Curr Opin Anaesthesiol · Oct 2011
ReviewFunctional and structural imaging of pain-induced neuroplasticity.
The understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic pain is of major scientific and clinical interest. This review focuses on neuroimaging studies of pain-induced neuroplastic changes in the human brain and discusses five major categories of pain-induced neuroplastic changes. ⋯ Recent work has substantially broadened our insights into neuroplastic changes that are involved in pain chronification. Future research will focus on the question of whether neuroimaging techniques can be used in the individual chronic pain patient as a biomarker that would allow for an objective diagnosis of different pain conditions and for the prediction of individual responses to specific therapies.
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Curr Opin Anaesthesiol · Oct 2011
ReviewUltrasound brachial plexus anesthesia and analgesia for upper extremity surgery: essentials of our current understanding, 2011.
Ultrasound-guidance is gaining tremendous popularity. There is growing evidence of value with emphasis on clinical relevance, but can ultrasound-guidance scientifically warrant changing the practice of upper extremity regional? The literature is searched to describe findings where ultrasound may reduce complication rates, reduce block performance times, and improve block efficacy and quality. ⋯ Intraepineurial injection requires additional investigation. Conclusions have suggested reducing typical volumes (40 ml) of local with ultrasound-directed upper extremity blockade. Increased use of perineural catheters is being advocated for prolonged analgesia, but risk-to-benefit consequences need to always be considered.
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Regional anesthesia is commonly used to provide intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. Potential complications of both neuraxial and peripheral regional techniques include infectious sequelae. This review examines important components of practice that are known to minimize the risk of infection associated with regional anesthesia. ⋯ Infectious complications associated with regional anesthesia are exceedingly rare events. Adherence to strict aseptic guidelines as published by the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, American Society of Anesthesiologists, and the Royal College of Anaesthetists may reduce the risk of infectious complications.
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Trauma, surgery, and burns are three common clinical scenarios that are associated with significant acute pain. This review describes the pathophysiology of acute pain utilizing three preclinical models: surgery, burn, and fracture. ⋯ Peripheral mediators of acute pain can vary depending upon the type of injury. Treatment aimed toward those mediators specific to the injury may improve acute pain management in the future. It will be important to translate these findings into clinical trials in the future.
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Curr Opin Anaesthesiol · Oct 2011
ReviewInfluence of anesthesia on cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate, and brain functional connectivity.
To describe recent studies exploring brain function under the influence of hypnotic anesthetic agents, and their implications on the understanding of consciousness physiology and anesthesia-induced alteration of consciousness. ⋯ Accumulating evidence suggests that hypnotic anesthetic agents disrupt large-scale cerebral connectivity. This would result in an inability of the brain to generate and integrate information, while external sensory information is still processed at a lower order of complexity.