Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry
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To assess the relationship between near work, outdoor activity, and refractive error in schoolchildren in Beijing. ⋯ Higher levels of outdoor activity were associated with less myopic refraction in primary school students in the inner city of Beijing. Near work activity was not found to be associated with refraction at either school level.
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Acute onset comitant esotropia associated with spasm of accommodation in children and adults is a rare clinical condition. When occurring with pupillary miosis and restricted ocular motility, it is referred to as "spasm of near reflex" (SNR) and may require neurological investigation. The natural history of SNR depends on its etiology. There is little information in the literature regarding the long-term follow-up of SNR and the stability of visual signs and symptoms following cessation of treatment. We report a case of SNR in an otherwise healthy young male, and discuss the presentation, clinical investigations, management, response to treatment, and 1-year follow-up. ⋯ Acute adult onset esotropia occurring with accommodative spasm responds favorably to cycloplegic medications but may need a longer course of treatment for successful resolution and stability.