Journal of anesthesia
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To determine whether there is any systemic relationship between the distance from the skin to the epidural space and physical constitution, the distance from the skin to the epidural space was measured in 1007 epidural punctures. The distance from the skin to the epidural space in male was greater than that in female ( P < 0.001). However, the analysis of the distance from the skin to the epidural space of the selected patients who had both a weight of 50-60 kg and a height of 1.5-1.7 m indicated no statistical difference between male and female. ⋯ The correlation between the distance from the skin to the epidural space and height was less striking. Ninety-five percent of the patients who received epidural puncture at the thoraco-cervical area (C7-T2) had a distance to the epidural space of 4.0-6.9 cm; 87% at the lower-thoracic area (T8-T10), 4.0-6.9 cm; 93% at the thoraco-lumbar area (T12-L2), 3.0-4.9 cm; 85% at the mid-lumbar area (L2-L4), 3.0-4.9 cm. These results may be useful for young anesthesiologists to master epidural block safely and efficiently.
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Journal of anesthesia · Sep 1988
Effects of halothane and calcium entry blockers on atrioventricular conduction-a comparative study of verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine.
The effects of halothane on AV nodal function were evaluated in dogs with verapamil, diltiazem, or nifedipine during atrial pacing using the technique of His-bundle electrocardiography. Fifty-one mongrel dogs were divided into six groups. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine 100 mg im. and thiamylal 25 mg/kg iv. ⋯ There were more prolongations of these variables after iv administration of verapamil (SCL; 617 +/- 35, AH; 118 +/- 7, FRP of the AV node; 311 +/- 4) and diltiazem (SCL; 554 +/- 19, AH; 118 +/- 12, FRP of the AV node; 283 +/- 12) but no prolongations after nifedipine (SCL; 533 +/- 19, AH; 99 +/- 8, FRP of the AV node; 272 +/- 9). Comparing effects of calcium entry blockers with and without halothane in groups I and II, III and IV, or V and VI, there were additive depressing effects of halothane with either verapamil or diltiazem on AV nodal function. And there is a difference between the effects of nifedipine on SCL with and without halothane.