The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology
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J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. · Apr 2020
Randomized Controlled TrialPrincipal results of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) and updated meta-analyses of relevant vitamin D trials.
Whether supplemental vitamin D reduces risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD) is relatively unexplored in randomized trial settings. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) was a nationwide, randomized, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial of daily vitamin D3 (2000 IU) and marine omega-3 fatty acids (1 g) in the primary prevention of cancer and CVD among 25,871 U. S. men aged ≥50 and women aged ≥55, including 5106 African Americans. ⋯ Vitamin D did not significantly reduce the co-primary endpoint of major CVD events (HR = 0.97 [0.85-1.12]), other cardiovascular endpoints, or all-cause mortality (HR = 0.99 [0.87-1.12]). Updated meta-analyses that include VITAL and other recent vitamin D trials indicate a significant reduction in cancer mortality but not in cancer incidence or CVD endpoints. Additional research is needed to determine which individuals may be most likely to derive a net benefit from vitamin D supplementation. (VITAL clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01169259).