Neuroreport
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Extracting meaningful information from the positive and negative outcomes of actions is a key requirement for learning. To define the neural correlates of feedback processing, rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used in an associative learning paradigm in normal human volunteers. ⋯ Blood oxygenation level-dependent responses from the midbrain and the anterior cingulate cortex showed a phasic increase in response to positive feedback, whereas a decrease in response was seen for negative feedback. These results underscore the role of the reward system in feedback learning.