Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI
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The principles of contrast mechanisms and fast pulse sequences underlying neurological and neuroradiological application of MRI are introduced in this part of a two-part review. In particular, the relaxation time constants T(1), T(2), and T(2) (*) are introduced, along with pulse sequences harnessing their contrast, spin-echo, fast spin echo (FSE), inversion recovery (IR), gradient recalled echo (GRE), and echo planar imaging (EPI). The use of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast is discussed in both T(1)- and T(2) (*)-weighted sequences. ⋯ T(2) (*) sensitivity is discussed as both a source of artifact as well as a contrast mechanism (perfusion imaging with contrast agents, susceptibility weighted imaging [SWI], and blood oxygenation level dependent [BOLD] imaging). Finally, the contrast mechanism of diffusion is introduced, as well as the concept of anisotropy. From these principles, the other part of this two-part review draws upon the pulse sequences and contrast mechanisms to design disease and indication-specific protocols for state-of-the-art clinical use.