Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society
-
The insular cortex is involved in cardiac regulation. The left insula is predominantly responsible for parasympathetic cardiovascular effects. ⋯ In addition, phase relationships between heart rate and blood pressure were disturbed, implying a disruption of oscillators involved in cardiovascular control. The insula appears to be involved in human heart rate regulation and damage to it may encourage a pro-arrhythmic state.