Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS
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Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther · Apr 2009
Review[Cerebral microdialysis. Options and limits].
Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) is a minimal-invasive monitoring technique for patients with subarachnoidal haemorrhage or severe traumatic brain injury, which allows the investigation of a wide spectrum of compounds in the brain tissue. The aim is a precocious identification of cerebral ischemia and secondary brain damage. ⋯ By using commercial equipment it is nowadays possible to conduct on-line analysis at the bedside in the intensive care unit. The following article discusses the principles of CMD, the most commonly used biomarkers and the options during neurointensive care.
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Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther · Apr 2009
Review[Postoperative nausea and vomiting: rational algorithms for prevention and treatment based on current evidence].
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) constitutes a major unpleasant symptom in the postoperative period. The prevention of PONV is judged equally important as the prevention of postoperative pain. Therefore, a working PONV-algorithm should be as self-evident as the approach to prevent and treat postoperative pain. ⋯ However, due to the difficulties associated with the implementation of risk-score based algorithms and the inherent weaknesses of clinical risk scores to predict PONV in an individual patient, a general (multimodal) approach seem to be justified as well. Considering the fact that the currently available antiemetics are associated with few side effects, the administration of prophylactic antiemetics should not be associated with a high hurdle in the clinical setting. In case of any doubts regarding the individual risk, it seems justified to expand the (multimodal) prophylaxis rather than to wait until PONV occurs and impairs patient comfort.
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Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther · Apr 2009
Review[Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Identification of patients with risk factors for PONV].
This review discusses the clinical relevance of risk stratification to determine measures to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. The key question is whether PU&E is a problem related only to a small group of risk patients and whether risk stratification is a reasonable approach to deal with this problem. The application of risk scores to predict PU&E has been strongly advocated in the past years. ⋯ Prophylaxis against PU&E should be as self-evident as measures to limit postoperative pain. Omitting antiemetic prevention should only be considered if the estimated risk for PU&E is extremely low. All other patients in whom PU&E cannot be ruled out with high confidence should receive routine antiemetic prophylaxis.
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Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther · Apr 2009
Review[Modern airway management--current concepts for more patient safety].
Effective and safe airway management is one of the core skills among anaesthesiologists and all physicians involved in acute care medicine. However, failure in airway management is still the most frequent single incidence with the highest impact on patient's morbidity and mortality known from closed claims analyses. The anaesthesiologist has to manage the airway in elective patients providing a high level of safety with as little airway injury and interference with the cardio-vascular system as possible. ⋯ Supraglottic airway devices will be used more often in the daily clinical routine. This is not only due the multiple advantages of these devices compared to the tracheal tube, but also because of the new features of some supraglottic airways, which separate the airway from the gastric track and give information of the pharyngeal position. For the event of a difficult airway, new airway devices and concepts should be trained and applied in daily practice.
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Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther · Apr 2009
[Postoperative nausea and vomiting--what's new in anti-emetic pharmacotherapy?].
Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists represent a new approach in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and show an efficacy comparable with those of common antiemetics with some evidence for superiority with regard to vomiting. Currently, only aprepitant is available as an oral preparation. ⋯ When using 5-HT (3)-receptor antagonists for the prevention of PONV, anaesthetists should be aware of negative interactions with analgesics. Low-dose droperidol has regained approval and should be considered as first choice among the current available neuroleptics.