European radiology
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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) provides specific metabolic information not otherwise observable by any other imaging method. (1)H-MRS of the brain at 3 T is a new tool in the modern neuroradiological armamentarium whose main advantages, with respect to the well-established and technologically advanced 1.5-T (1)H-MRS, include a higher signal-to-noise ratio, with a consequent increase in spatial and temporal resolutions, and better spectral resolution. These advantages allow the acquisition of higher quality and more easily quantifiable spectra in smaller voxels and/or in shorter times, and increase the sensitivity in metabolite detection. ⋯ Furthermore, advanced (1)H-MRS techniques, such as specific spectral editing, fast (1)H-MRS imaging and diffusion tensor (1)H-MRS imaging, have been successfully implemented at 3 T. However, easier and more robust implementations of these techniques are still needed before they can become more widely used and undertake most of the clinical and research (1)H-MRS applications.
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Greater trochanteric pain syndrome is commonly due to gluteus minimus or medius injury rather than trochanteric bursitis. Gluteal tendinopathy most frequently occurs in late-middle aged females. ⋯ The direct (peritendinitis, tendinosis, partial and complete tear) and indirect (bursal fluid, bony changes and fatty atrophy) MRI signs of gluteal tendon injury are illustrated. The key sonographic findings of gluteal tendinopathy are also discussed.
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Many pathologies of the airway involve the bronchial wall and the parabronchial structures. The view of the endoscopist, however, is limited to the lumen and the internal surface of the airway. Processes within the airway wall and outside the airway can only be assessed by indirect signs. ⋯ The investigation of a suspected malignant adenopathy justifies a complete examination by mediastinoscopy or mediastinotomy, which are considered gold standards. EBUS-TBNA constitutes the recent evolution of TBNA, a method known for 20 years now but underused. The aim of this review is to highlight to the different techniques and to discuss the results of published trials.