International journal of obstetric anesthesia
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Int J Obstet Anesth · Nov 2021
ReviewRefractory uterine atony: still a problem after all these years.
Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, and uterine atony is the leading cause of postpartum hemorrhage. Risk factors for uterine atony include induced or augmented labor, preeclampsia, chorio-amnionitis, obesity, multiple gestation, polyhydramnios, and prolonged second stage of labor. Although a risk assessment is recommended for all parturients, many women with uterine atony do not have risk factors, making uterine atony difficult to predict. ⋯ Rigorous studies are lacking, but methylergonovine and carboprost are likely superior to misoprostol. Currently, the choice of second-line agent should be based on their adverse effect profile and patient comorbidities. Surgical and radiologic management of uterine atony includes uterine tamponade using balloon catheters and compression sutures, and percutaneous transcatheter arterial embolization.
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Int J Obstet Anesth · Nov 2021
ReviewTranexamic acid and obstetric hemorrhage: give empirically or selectively?
Antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid (TXA) inhibit the fibrinolytic pathway and protect blood clots from being degraded, thereby promoting hemostasis. They have been used to reduce blood loss in various settings including obstetrics. Based on current evidence, TXA can be considered as a therapeutic adjunct to control postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) after vaginal and cesarean deliveries, with earlier administration preferred. ⋯ As a proposed prophylactic agent to prevent PPH, the level of evidence is currently insufficient to recommend the routine use of TXA to prevent blood loss after vaginal and cesarean deliveries. The results of large new multicenter studies assessing the impact of TXA on maternal blood loss-related outcomes after cesarean delivery are awaited. While most studies to date have focused on empirical and one-size-fit-all dosing of TXA, more selective and individualized treatment protocols (possibly guided by functional coagulation assays) are needed to pave the way for safer and more effective use of this inexpensive and widely used medication.
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Int J Obstet Anesth · Nov 2021
Observational StudyAccuracy of cricothyroid membrane identification using ultrasound and palpation techniques in obese obstetric patients: an observational study.
During performance of emergency front of neck access, the final step in management algorithms for the 'can't intubate, can't oxygenate' scenario, accurate identification of the cricothyroid membrane is crucial. Accurate identification using palpation techniques is low, with highest failure rates occurring in obese females. ⋯ Ultrasound-guided cricothyroid membrane localisation was significantly more accurate but slower than the landmark technique in obese obstetric patients. As such, we recommend the use of pre-procedural identification of the cricothyroid membrane in this patient population and formal training of anaesthetists in airway ultrasound.
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Int J Obstet Anesth · Nov 2021
Observational StudyFetal heart rate monitoring during fetoscopic repair of open spinal neural tube defects: a single-centre observational cohort study.
During fetal surgery, the haemodynamic stability of the fetus depends on the haemodynamic stability of the mother. The primary objective of this study was to assess changes in fetal heart rate (FHR) throughout the different stages of surgery. The secondary objective was to assess potential changes in maternal physiological parameters and their association with FHR. ⋯ The FHR remained stable during intra-uterine fetoscopic repair of open spina bifida. Maternal carbon dioxide tension and heart rate may have a mild influence on FHR.