Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Mar 2005
Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and breast cancer risk.
Earlier data support the hypothesis that the relation between circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels and breast cancer risk differs by menopausal status. The strong association of IGF-I with height in childhood and weak or no association between adult levels and adult height also suggest that IGF levels in young women may better reflect an exposure time period of importance to breast cancer. Few studies have assessed IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) or free IGF and breast cancer risk. ⋯ Circulating IGF-I levels seem to be modestly associated with breast cancer risk among premenopausal women, but not among postmenopausal women. IGFBP-3, IGFBP-1, and free IGF are not associated with breast cancer risk in either premenopausal or postmenopausal women in this cohort.
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Mar 2005
Comparative StudySimilar uptake of lung carcinogens by smokers of regular, light, and ultralight cigarettes.
Cigarette design has changed markedly over the past 60 years and sales-weighed levels of tar and nicotine have decreased. Currently, cigarettes are classified as regular (>14.5 mg tar), light (>6.5-14.5 mg tar), and ultralight (< or =6.5 mg tar), based on a Federal Trade Commission-specified machine-smoking protocol. Epidemiologic studies suggest that there is no difference in lung cancer risk among people who smoke light or ultralight cigarettes compared with regular cigarettes, but the uptake of lung carcinogens in smokers of these types of cigarettes has never been reported. ⋯ There was no correlation between levels of tar and any of the biomarkers. These results indicate that lung carcinogen and nicotine uptake, as measured by urinary 1-HOP, total NNAL, and total cotinine is the same in smokers of regular, light, and ultralight cigarettes. The results are consistent with epidemiologic studies that show no difference in lung cancer risk in smokers of these cigarettes.
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Feb 2005
Nipple aspirate fluid cytology and the Gail model for breast cancer risk assessment in a screening population.
Recent guidelines suggest that chemoprevention with tamoxifen may be appropriate for women who have a 5-year risk of breast cancer greater than 1.66% calculated using the Gail model. ⋯ NAF cytology has the potential to improve prediction models of breast cancer incidence, particularly for high-risk women.
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Feb 2005
Gene-smoking interaction associations for the ERCC1 polymorphisms in the risk of lung cancer.
Cigarette smoking may induce DNA damage. Lower DNA repair capacities have been associated with higher risk of lung cancer. Excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) is the lead enzyme in the nucleotide excision repair process, and low expression of ERCC1 mRNA levels has been associated with higher risk of cancers. ⋯ Consistent results were found when gene-smoking interaction was incorporated by joint effects and interactions models that considered both discrete and continuous variables for cumulative smoking exposure. The same direction for the gene-smoking interaction was found for the 19007T > C polymorphism, although the interaction was not statistically significant. In conclusion, ERCC1 8092C > A polymorphism may modify the associations between cumulative cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk.
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Feb 2005
Soluble epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR) [corrected] and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) as screening and diagnostic tests for epithelial ovarian cancer.
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death among all gynecologic cancers in the United States. Because women who are diagnosed with early stage disease have a better prognosis than women diagnosed with late stage disease, early detection represents a potentially practical approach to reduce the mortality associated with EOC. Unfortunately, no single screening test has proven to be effective for this purpose, and a valid and feasible screening program to detect early stage EOC in the general population has not yet been devised. ⋯ Hence, age- and sEGFR-dependent CA125 cutoff thresholds improve the ability of CA125 to discern EOC patients from women with benign ovarian tumors and non-ovarian gynecologic conditions. Our analyses show that parallel testing with fixed sEGFR and CA125 cutoff thresholds optimizes sensitivity to detect EOC, whereas serial testing with age- and sEGFR-dependent CA125 cutoff thresholds optimizes test specificity, and overall accuracy to discern patients with EOC from women with benign ovarian and non-ovarian gynecologic conditions. The combined use of serologic sEGFR and CA125, thus, has improved utility for screening and diagnosing EOC, which may increase the positive predictive value of a multimodal screening program that incorporates these biomarkers to detect and subsequently differentiate benign from malignant ovarian tumors.