Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
-
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Mar 2004
Training future pharmacists at a minority educational institution: evaluation of the Rx for change tobacco cessation training program.
To estimate the impact of Rx for Change, an 8-h tobacco cessation training program on pharmacy students' perceived counseling skills, confidence for counseling, and future counseling of patients for tobacco cessation. ⋯ The Rx for Change program had a positive impact on perceived abilities and confidence for providing tobacco cessation counseling to patients. While it is important that all current and future health care providers receive specialized tobacco cessation training, it is particularly important for clinicians of racial/ethnic minority backgrounds, who are more likely to practice in geographic areas with a high density of population subgroups at an elevated risk for tobacco-related mortality. In particular, pharmacists, who are uniquely positioned within the community to provide care to all patients, including the medically underserved, must be equipped with the necessary skills to assist patients with quitting.
-
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Dec 2003
Comparative StudyAlcohol consumption, smoking, and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study.
Few studies have examined the association of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking with colorectal cancer in Asian populations whose genetic susceptibility to these factors are different from Western populations. We investigated this association and the joint effect of these factors, and estimated the population-attributable fraction to clarify the public health impact on a Japanese population, based on a prospective study. We analyzed the 10-year (cohort I) and 7-year (cohort II) follow-up data of the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study on cancer and cardiovascular disease, derived from 90,004 (42,540 male and 47,464 female) middle-aged and elderly Japanese. ⋯ The colorectal cancer risk with 300 g/week or more of ethanol in current smokers was estimated at 3.0 (95% CI, 1.8-5.1) compared with nondrinkers among nonsmokers in men. Colorectal cancer attributable to alcohol consumption or smoking was estimated to be 46%. In conclusion, approximately half of the colorectal cancer cases may be preventable by tobacco and alcohol controls in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men.
-
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Dec 2003
A prospective study of cruciferous vegetables and prostate cancer.
High intake of cruciferous vegetables may offer some protection against prostate cancer, but overall data are inconclusive. Thus, we examined the association between cruciferous vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Between 1986 and 2000, 2,969 cases of nonstage T1a prostate cancer were diagnosed in 47,365 men who completed dietary assessments in 1986, 1990, and 1994. ⋯ However, if cruciferous vegetables are protective early in prostate carcinogenesis, as suggested by proposed mechanisms, we may expect stronger associations, as observed, for more remote diet for prostate-specific antigen-detected early stage (organ-confined) cancers in younger men. In contrast, for advanced cancers in older men, which were probably initiated decades in the past, recent dietary intakes of cruciferous vegetables may be irrelevant. These findings suggest that future studies of cruciferous vegetables should focus on early stages of prostate cancer.
-
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Nov 2003
Polymorphisms of the DNA repair genes XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD, interaction with environmental exposures, and bladder cancer risk in a case-control study in northern Italy.
Tobacco smoking and occupational exposures are the main known risk factors for bladder cancer, causing direct and indirect damage to DNA. Repair of DNA damage is under genetic control, and DNA repair genes may play a key role in maintaining genome integrity and preventing cancer development. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes resulting in variation of DNA repair efficiency may therefore be associated with bladder cancer risk. ⋯ The XRCC3 codon 241 polymorphism had an overall protective effect against bladder cancer that was most apparent among heavy smokers. Similarly, the XRCC1 codon 399 polymorphism also had a protective effect on bladder cancer among heavy smokers. The XPD polymorphism was not, however, associated with bladder cancer risk.
-
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Oct 2003
Hormonal factors and the risk of breast cancer according to estrogen- and progesterone-receptor subgroup.
Evidence suggests hormonal factors may be more strongly associated with estrogen receptor+progesterone receptor+ (ER+PR+) than ER-PR- breast cancer risk. This study evaluated risk factors according to ERPR tumor status among pre- and postmenopausal women participating in two recent population-based case-control studies. Breast cancer cases, ages 25-74 years, and diagnosed 1995-1998 were sampled from the Ontario Cancer Registry. ⋯ The following significant differences were observed in the risk factor profiles for ER+PR+ and ER-PR- breast cancer: among premenopausal women, late age at menarche was only associated with a reduction in ER+PR+ breast cancer risk; obesity was associated with an increased ER-PR- and decreased ER+PR+ cancer risk; and the association between alcohol intake and breast cancer risk was heterogeneous across ERPR subgroups, although the direction varied across the levels of alcohol intake. Among postmenopausal women, there were no statistically significant differences observed in the risk factor profiles for ER+PR+ and ER-PR- breast cancer. Some heterogeneity exists in the risk factor profiles of ER+PR+ and ER-PR- premenopausal breast cancer; however, risk factor profiles did not differ markedly for postmenopausal breast cancer.