Current opinion in urology
-
To give an overview of current options for conservative treatment of patients failing intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and to discuss emerging approaches with potential future clinical applications. ⋯ Salvage therapeutic bladder-sparing strategies for BCG failure such as intravesical chemotherapy or chemoradiation should currently only be considered in patients unfit for or refusing surgery. Innovative concepts such as chemohyperthermia, checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapy or viral gene therapy could lead to major changes in clinical management of BCG failures in the future.