Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America
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Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) is an important condition facing gastroenterologists. The focus of this article is the management of NVUGIB, with a particular emphasis on the endoscopic modalities and techniques that are most effective for various bleeding etiologies. Attention also is given to medical management, risk assessment, and issues pertaining to the timing of endoscopy and need for scheduled second-look endoscopy.
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The spectrum of gastrointestinal (GI) foreign bodies includes food bolus impaction in the esophagus, nonfood objects that are swallowed, and various objects that may be inserted into the rectum. The risk depends upon the type of object and its location. ⋯ All objects impacted in the esophagus require urgent or emergent treatment. Rectal foreign bodies are usually removable transanally, although general anesthesia and operative intervention sometimes are required.