The Annals of pharmacotherapy
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Review
Unleash metformin: reconsideration of the contraindication in patients with renal impairment.
To evaluate the expanded use of metformin in renal impairment. ⋯ Data over the past decade refute the historical contraindication in patients with renal impairment and suggest that the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is low in stable mild-to-moderate renal impairment and similar to the risk with other type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) medications with no renal impairment restrictions. Because of its unique impact on microvascular and macrovascular complications, it is advantageous to utilize metformin as the cornerstone in DM2 treatment for as long as possible, including in those patients with mild to moderate stages of renal impairment with no additional contraindications. A dosage reduction is recommended if estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is between 30 and 45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and discontinuation if eGFR is <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2).
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Comparison of dexmedetomidine and propofol for conscious sedation in awake craniotomy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, and controlled clinical trial.
It has been reported that dexmedetomidine (DEX) can be used for conscious sedation in awake craniotomy, but few data exist to compare DEX versus propofol (PRO). ⋯ Either DEX or PRO can be effectively and safely used for conscious sedation in awake craniotomy. Comparing the two, DEX produced a shorter arousal time and a higher degree of surgeon satisfaction.
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Review
Tofacitinib: The First Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety, dosage administration, and adverse effects of tofacitinib for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. ⋯ Tofacitinib is an oral treatment option for RA patients who have inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate. Postmarket surveillance will provide further insight to tofacitinib's role in RA therapy, especially in patients who may require different types of combination therapy with DMARDS.
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To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of alogliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ⋯ Alogliptin is the fourth DDP-4 inhibitor approved in the US for the treatment of T2DM. It is available alone (Nesina) and in fixed-dose combinations with metformin (Kazano) and pioglitazone (Oseni). It has no demonstrable advantages over other agents in its class.
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To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trial data, adverse effects, and formulary considerations of icosapent ethyl for the treatment of high triglyceride (TG) levels. ⋯ Icosapent ethyl is effective in reducing TG levels without increasing LDL-C, and has efficacy similar to other TG-lowering therapies with fewer adverse effects or interactions.