Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · May 2013
ReviewMimics and rare presentations of pediatric demyelination.
This article reviews the features that should prompt consideration of diseases that mimic acquired demyelinating syndromes and multiple sclerosis using vignettes to highlight unusual clinical and radiologic features. Cases of transverse myelitis, spinal infarction, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, fever-induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school-aged children, small-vessel vasculitis, Griscelli syndrome type 2, cysticercosis, vitamin B12 deficiency, and chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy are presented.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · May 2013
Review Case ReportsAdvanced magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric multiple sclerosis.
This review summarizes results from studies that have applied advanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques to patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS), and includes a discussion of cortical imaging techniques, volumetry, magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor imaging, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional MR imaging. Multicenter studies on the sensitivity of these techniques to natural history of disease and treatment response are required before their implementation into clinical practice.
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Childhood transverse myelitis is an acute inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord with a risk of permanent disability. A timely and accurate diagnosis is imperative, and the radiologist needs to discern between a variety of extra-axial and spinal cord abnormalities that produce similar symptoms but require vastly differing treatments. This article presents the range of imaging characteristics seen in childhood transverse myelitis and the differentiation from its mimics.
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Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a severe but potentially reversible neurologic disorder that is clinically recognizable in children and adolescents. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to facilitate recovery. ⋯ Patients with tumor-associated encephalitis benefit from tumor resection. More than 75% of patients make a substantial recovery, which occurs in the reverse order of symptom presentation associated with a decline in antibody titers.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · May 2013
ReviewPediatric multiple sclerosis: pathobiological, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging features.
In this article, the pathobiological, clinical, and treatment aspects of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) are summarized, and the conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (ie, T1-weighted, proton-density, and T2-weighted imaging) features of MS in children are discussed, as well as the application of MR imaging in the diagnosis of pediatric-onset MS and in prediction of MS in children with an incident central nervous system demyelination. Insights gained from studies comparing MR imaging features of pediatric-onset and adult-onset MS are presented.