Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2020
ReviewResting-State Functional Connectivity: Signal Origins and Analytic Methods.
Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) has been widely studied in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and is observed by a significant temporal correlation of spontaneous low-frequency signal fluctuations (SLFs) both within and across hemispheres during rest. Different hypotheses of RSFC include the biophysical origin hypothesis and cognitive origin hypothesis, which show that the role of SLFs and RSFC is still not completely understood. ⋯ RSFC data analysis methods include time domain analysis, seed-based correlation, regional homogeneity, and principal and independent component analyses. Despite advances in RSFC, the authors also discuss challenges and limitations, ranging from head motion to methodological limitations.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2020
ReviewWidespread Morphometric Abnormalities in Major Depression: Neuroplasticity and Potential for Biomarker Development.
Major depression is common and debilitating. Identifying neurobiological subtypes that comprise the disorder and predict clinical outcome are key challenges. Genetic and environmental factors leading to major depression are expressed in neural structure and function. ⋯ MR imaging observable abnormalities reflect cytoarchitectonic alterations within a local neuroendocrine milieu with systemic effects. Multivariate pattern analysis offers the potential to identify the neurobiological subtypes and predictors of clinical outcome. It is essential to characterize disease heterogeneity by incorporating data-driven inductive and symptom-based deductive approaches in an iterative process.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2020
ReviewClinical Strategies and Technical Challenges in Psychoradiology.
Psychoradiology is an emerging discipline at the intersection between radiology and psychiatry. It holds promise for playing a role in clinical diagnosis, evaluation of treatment response and prognosis, and illness risk prediction for patients with psychiatric disorders. Addressing complex issues, such as the biological heterogeneity of psychiatric syndromes and unclear neurobiological mechanisms underpinning radiological abnormalities, is a challenge that needs to be resolved. With the advance of multimodal imaging and more efforts in standardization of image acquisition and analysis, psychoradiology is becoming a promising tool for the future of clinical care for patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2020
ReviewImplementing MR Imaging into Clinical Routine Screening in Patients with Psychosis?
MR imaging is a suitable instrument for the detection of incidental radiological findings in patients with early psychosis and guidance of subsequent treatment adjustments. We outline evidence showing the clinical utility of MR imaging to guide treatment selection by identifying radiological abnormalities and predicting clinical outcomes in early-stage psychosis. We argue that MR imaging is an indispensable screening tool to detect gross radiological abnormalities in early psychosis and implementation in routine clinical assessments is warranted. We highlight future key challenges and make pragmatic suggestions to exploit the potential of MR imaging to construct robust prognostic models for personalized early interventions.
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Despite considerable research evidence demonstrating significant neurobiological alterations in psychiatric disorders, incorporating neuroimaging approaches into clinical practice remains challenging. There is an urgent need for biologically validated psychiatric disease constructs that can inform diagnostic algorithms and targeted treatment development. In this article, we present a conceptual review of the most robust and impactful findings from studies that use neuroimaging methods in efforts to define distinct disease subtypes, while emphasizing cross-diagnostic and dimensional approaches. In addition, we discuss current challenges in psychoradiology and outline potential future strategies for clinically applicable translation.