Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is clinically characterized by severe optic neuritis and transverse myelitis, but recent studies with anti-aquaporin-4-antibody specific to NMO have revealed that the clinical spectrum is wider than previously thought. International consensus diagnostic criteria propose NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) as the term to define the entire spectrum including typical NMO, optic neuritis, acute myelitis, brain syndrome, and their combinations. ⋯ MR imaging and optical coherence tomography are indispensable in the diagnosis and evaluation of NMOSD. This article reviews the clinical and MR imaging findings of anti-aquaporin-4-antibody-seropositive and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-seropositive NMOSD.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · May 2017
ReviewBrain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Relevance and Technical Aspects.
There is evidence of a neurodegenerative process running in parallel with or as a consequence of the inflammatory phenomenon in multiple sclerosis (MS). MR imaging has been central in the generation of such knowledge and has played a pivotal role in investigating the neurodegenerative process. However, there is insufficient evidence supporting MR imaging-measured brain atrophy as a biomarker of the neurodegenerative component of MS in the daily care of patients with MS. This article discusses the prognostic value of brain volume measurements and their potential role in monitoring treatment response in patients with MS.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · May 2017
ReviewMR Imaging in Monitoring and Predicting Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis.
MR imaging is the most sensitive tool for identifying lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MR imaging has also acquired an essential role in the detection of complications arising from these treatments and in the assessment and prediction of efficacy. In the future, other radiological measures that have shown prognostic value may be incorporated within the models for predicting treatment response. This article examines the role of MR imaging as a prognostic tool in patients with MS and the recommendations that have been proposed in recent years to monitor patients who are treated with disease-modifying drugs.
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Increased iron deposition in cerebral deep gray matter has been considered a global marker for neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS); it scales with disease duration and severity. Iron accumulation in white matter and MS lesions might be more directly related to disease activity and has been discussed as a contributor to the inflammatory and neurodegenerative cascade. ⋯ We discuss findings from MR iron mapping proposed. Because of the confounding magnetic properties of myelin, iron mapping in white matter remains an unresolved issue.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · May 2017
ReviewMultiple Sclerosis: Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune and degenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects young people. MS develops in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to different unknown triggering factors. Different phenotypes are described. ⋯ An increasing number of disease-modifying treatments has emerged. Although encouraging, the number of drugs challenges the neurologist because each treatment has its own risk-benefit profile. Patients should be involved in the decision-making process to ensure good treatment and safety monitoring adherence.