The American journal of the medical sciences
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Women are underrepresented in medicine despite increases in the percentage of female physicians. It is unknown if academic productivity contributes to these differences. We sought to determine whether gender disparity exists in peer-reviewed literature authorship in the United States from 2000 to 2017. ⋯ Women publish research at a rate proportional to the number of academic female physicians. Disparities in leadership roles are unlikely explained by differences in publications. While gender disparities in medicine have improved, substantial disparities in leadership persist.
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The study assessed the effects of whole- or half-night shifts on leptin, melatonin, sex hormones, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, hematological parameters, sleep quality and attentional performance in women working in the health sector. ⋯ Half-night shifts disturbed sleep parameters and the melatonin rhythm, perturbed blood cell turnover and increased leptin levels. Whole-night shifts caused additional problems including suppressed estradiol, activated inflammatory responses and decreased visual attention. All together, the data suggest that night shifts, especially whole-night shifts, should be refrained from or countermeasures should be taken.