Methods in molecular biology
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iRefWeb is a bioinformatics resource that offers access to a large collection of data on protein-protein interactions in over a thousand organisms. This collection is consolidated from 14 major public databases that curate the scientific literature. ⋯ Users of iRefWeb are able to retrieve all curated interactions for a given organism or those involving a given protein (or a list of proteins), narrow down their search results based on different supporting evidence, and assess the reliability of these interactions using various criteria. They may also examine all data and annotations related to any publication that described the interaction-detection experiments. iRefWeb is freely available to the research community worldwide at http://wodaklab.org/iRefWeb .
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Stem cells are envisaged to be integral components of multicellular systems engineered for therapeutic applications. The reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via recombinant expression of a limited number of transcription factors, which was first achieved by Yamanaka and colleagues in 2007, heralded a major breakthrough in the stem cell field. Since then, there has been rapid progress in the field of iPSC generation, including the identification of various small molecules that can enhance reprogramming efficiency and reduce the number of different transcription factors required for reprogramming. ⋯ The use of recombinant cell-penetrating peptides and direct transfection of synthetic mRNA encoding appropriate transcription factors have both been shown to successfully reprogram somatic cells to iPSCs. It has also been shown more recently that the direct transfection of certain miRNA species can reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency without the need for any of the transcription factors commonly utilized for iPSC generation. This chapter describes protocols for iPSC generation with these new techniques, which would obviate the use of recombinant DNA and viral vectors in cellular reprogramming, thus avoiding permanent genetic modification to the reprogrammed cells.
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In a normal spontaneous menstrual cycle, the luteal phase is characterized by the production and secretion of estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) from the corpus luteum (CL) in an episodic manner. The steroidogenesis of the CL is dependent on continued tonic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion (Fritz and Speroff, Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility, 8th edn. Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2011). ⋯ Progesterone concentrations normally rise sharply after ovulation, reaching a peak approximately 8 days after the LH surge. Since the secretion of E and P during the luteal phase is episodic and correlates closely with LH pulses, relatively low mid-luteal progesterone levels can be found in the course of a totally normal luteal phase (Fritz and Speroff, Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility, 8th edn. Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2011).
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Genome sequencing and systems biology are revolutionizing life sciences. Proteomics emerged as a fundamental technique of this novel research area as it is the basis for gene function analysis and modeling of dynamic protein networks. Here a complete proteomics platform suited for functional genomics and systems biology is presented. ⋯ Moreover, the presented platform can also be utilized to integrate metabolomics and transcriptomics data for the analysis of metabolite-protein-transcript correlations and time course analysis using COVAIN. Examples for the integration of MAPA and MASS WESTERN data, proteogenomic and metabolic modeling approaches for functional genomics, phosphoproteomics by integration of MOAC (metal-oxide affinity chromatography) with MAPA, and the integration of metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and physiological data using this platform are presented. All software and step-by-step tutorials for data processing and data mining can be downloaded from http://www.univie.ac.at/mosys/software.html.
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Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are one of the major families of inhibitory extracellular matrix molecules in the central nervous system. The expression of various CSPGs is strong during early nervous system development; however, it is downregulated during maturation and up-regulated again after nervous system injury. In vivo injection of an enzyme called chondroitinase ABC, which removes the inhibitory chondroitin sulphate chains on the CSPGs, in the injured area promotes both the regeneration and plasticity of the neurons. Here, we describe the method of in vivo injection of the chondroitinase ABC into the cortex of adult rat brain and the histochemical method to assess the successfulness of the digestion.