European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society
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The field of artificial intelligence is ever growing and the applications of machine learning in spine care are continuously advancing. Given the advent of the intelligence-based spine care model, understanding the evolution of computation as it applies to diagnosis, treatment, and adverse event prediction is of great importance. Therefore, the current review sought to synthesize findings from the literature at the interface of artificial intelligence and spine research. ⋯ Improvements to modern-day computing and accessibility to various imaging modalities allow for innovative discoveries that may arise, for example, from management. Given the imminent future of AI in spine surgery, it is of great importance that practitioners continue to inform themselves regarding AI, its goals, use, and progression. In the future, it will be critical for the spine specialist to be able to discern the utility of novel AI research, particularly as it continues to pervade facets of everyday spine surgery.
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Artificial intelligence based on deep learning (DL) approaches enables the automatic recognition of anatomic landmarks and subsequent estimation of various spinopelvic parameters. The locations of inflection points (IPs) and apices (APs) in whole-spine lateral radiographs could be mathematically determined by a fully automatic spinal sagittal curvature analysis system. ⋯ The interrater reliability between the proposed DL model and human experts was good to excellent in predicting the locations of IPs, APs, and curvature angles. Future applications should be explored to validate this system and improve its clinical efficiency.
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Review
Artificial intelligence and spine imaging: limitations, regulatory issues and future direction.
As big data and artificial intelligence (AI) in spine care, and medicine as a whole, continue to be at the forefront of research, careful consideration to the quality and techniques utilized is necessary. Predictive modeling, data science, and deep analytics have taken center stage. Within that space, AI and machine learning (ML) approaches toward the use of spine imaging have gathered considerable attention in the past decade. Although several benefits of such applications exist, limitations are also present and need to be considered. ⋯ Recommendations were provided for conducting high-quality, standardized AI applications for spine imaging.
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To propose a fully automated deep learning (DL) framework for the vertebral morphometry and Cobb angle measurement from three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images of the spine, and validate the proposed framework on an external database. ⋯ The obtained results are within the range of values, obtained by existing DL approaches without external validation. The results therefore confirm the scalability of the proposed DL framework from the perspective of application to external data, and time and computational resource consumption required for framework training.
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Prognostic models play an important clinical role in the clinical management of neck pain disorders. No study has compared the performance of modern machine learning (ML) techniques, against more traditional regression techniques, when developing prognostic models in individuals with neck pain. ⋯ The improvement in prediction performance between ML and logistic regression methods in the present study, could be due to the potential greater nonlinearity between baseline predictors and clinical outcome. The benefit of machine learning in prognostic modelling may be dependent on factors like sample size, variable type, and disease investigated.