Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
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Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of seven biocides for 42 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates at 5, 30, or 180 min, for hand scrubs or soaks, isolated in 2003 in Japan were determined. The MBC values of glutaraldehyde, povidone iodine, and ethanol were lower than the user concentrations in all exposure times. However, at 5 min exposure of sodium hypochlorite, benzalkonium chloride, alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride, and chlorhexidine digluconate some strains showed higher MBC values than the user concentrations. These results indicated the possibility that MRSA survived under proper user concentration conditions and exposure time.
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The aim of this study was to explore the relationship and interpret the clinical importance of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation III (APACHE III) and levels of cytokines in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with or without cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) to see if they are beneficial for evaluating the seriousness of SIRS. The data suggested that the APACHE III score and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were significantly higher after conventional CABG (CCABG) than after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) (p<0.05). With an increase in the APACHE III score, the levels of IL6, IL8, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and sIL-2R and the morbidity of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) increased gradually (p<0.01), while the level of IL2 decreased (p<0.01). ⋯ In conclusion, despite comparable surgical trauma, we believe that CPB is one of the most important factors responsible for stimulating an inflammatory response. SIRS after OPCAB was clearly mitigated compared with CCABG. Determination of the APACHE III score and plasma IL-1beta, IL6, IL8 and sIL-2R concentrations might be helpful for evaluating the severity of SIRS following CABG and making a prognosis.