Der Anaesthesist
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
[Intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain].
At the beginning, the way intrathecal morphine was used for postoperative pain relief was quite unfortunate, because the doses derived from experience with morphine-tolerant cancer patients were considerably too high and respiratory depression occurred frequently. Subsequent dose-finding studies showed that the doses of morphine used initially could be reduced by a factor of ten without loss of the analgesic effect and with a marked reduction in side-effects. No respiratory depression has been reported when doses below 0.1 mg morphine are used. ⋯ This technique is safe, simple, reliable and virtually free of side-effects. No particular supervision due to the administration of intrathecal morphine is necessary in this dose range if systemic opiates are avoided. If the analgesia is unsatisfactory, a non-opioid analgesic is recommended.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
[Premedication in retrobulbar anesthesia. A blood gas analysis comparison of sublingual flunitrazepam and intravenous midazolam].
Benzodiazepines for sedation may decrease the PaO2, the arterial O2 saturation (SaO2), and the CO2 response more in the elderly than in the young. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in blood gases due to i.v. midazolam or sublingual flunitrazepam given as premedication in elderly patients for unilateral cataract surgery. METHODS. ⋯ The results of the study show the potential hazards of i.v. midazolam in the elderly. If sedation is required for cataract surgery under local anaesthesia, we recommend sublingual flunitrazepam or the use of benzodiazepines with lower hypnogenic effects in the elderly. A thorough preoperative discussion of anaesthesia and the operation might be an adequate substitute for any premedication in high-risk patients; the best blood gas analysis results were obtained in the control group.
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Comparative Study
[Subdural intra-arachnoid spread of local anesthetics. A complication of spinal anesthesia].
Accidental subdural injections and catheterisations are a complication of epidural and spinal anaesthesia. The incidence of subdural spread in myelographies is estimated to be over 10% by the spinal technique. With spinaloscopy in an anatomic human model, we analysed the puncture process and the influence of different needle types on the incidence of subdural injection. ⋯ Spinaloscopy was done in a non-fixated anatomic preparation of a spinal column with a 4-mm, 0 degree endoscope. From these observations we conclude that both manually registered penetration of the dural and the appearance of CSF in the needle hub can mimic correct needle position. Especially with the lateral opening of the Sprotte needle, deposition of local anaesthetics in the subdural space is possible.