American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
-
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Aug 2016
Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter StudyThe Effect of Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes.
There is uncertainty about the effects of treating obstructive sleep apnea on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. ⋯ This trial showed no effect of positive airway pressure therapy on glycemic control in patients with relatively well-controlled type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00509223).
-
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Aug 2016
Latent Tuberculosis Infection Test Agreement in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) test discordance is poorly understood. ⋯ In the largest population-based sample of concurrently performed TST and QFT tests in a low tuberculosis incidence population, prevalence estimates depended heavily on how LTBI was defined and test agreement was only fair. We identified several predictors of discordance warranting further study.
-
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Aug 2016
The Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in the United States.
Individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) represent a reservoir of infection, many of whom will progress to tuberculosis (TB) disease. A central pillar of TB control in the United States is reducing this reservoir through targeted testing and treatment. ⋯ After years of decline, the prevalence of LTBI remained relatively constant between 2000 and 2011. A large reservoir of 12.4 million still exists, with foreign-born persons representing an increasingly larger proportion of this reservoir (73%). Estimates and risk factors for LTBI were generally similar between the TST and QFT-GIT. The updated estimates of LTBI and associated risk groups can help improve targeted testing and treatment in the United States.
-
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Aug 2016
Observational StudyGut Microbiota Predict Pulmonary Infiltrates After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.
Pulmonary complications (PCs) cause significant morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Shifts in gut microbiota have been linked to HCT outcomes; however, their effect on PCs is unknown. ⋯ This is the first study to demonstrate prospective changes in gut microbiota associated with PCs after HCT. Postengraftment PCs and γ-proteobacteria domination were predictive of mortality. This suggests an adverse relationship between the graft and lung, which is perhaps mediated by bacterial composition in the gut. Further study is warranted.
-
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Aug 2016
ReviewNecroptosis: a Novel Cell Death Modality and its Potential Relevance for Critical Care Medicine.
Cell death is intertwined with life in development, homeostasis, pathology, and aging. Until recently, apoptosis was the best known form of programmed cell death, whereas necrosis was for a long time considered accidental owing to physicochemical injury. However, identification of crucial signaling and execution molecules, which are highly regulated, revealed that necrosis encompasses several cell death modalities that can be therapeutically targeted. ⋯ We are only beginning to appreciate the role of necroptosis in different pathological conditions, including critical illnesses. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of necroptosis and analyze the effect of inhibiting necroptosis in experimental models of critical illnesses. In view of the identification of an increasing number of cell death modalities, we also briefly discuss the simultaneous targeting of multiple cell death modalities because, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions, various types of cell death may contribute to the pathology.