Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
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Pregnancy is a dynamic process that consists of profound physiological changes mediated by hormonal, mechanical, and circulatory pathways. Understanding of changes in physiology is essential for distinguishing abnormal and normal signs and symptoms in a pregnant patient. These physiological changes also have important pharmacotherapeutic considerations for a pregnant patient. ⋯ Interventional pulmonary procedures can be safely performed in pregnant women while keeping in mind the maternal anatomic and physiologic changes. Furthermore, management of a maternal cardiopulmonary arrest requires important modifications in patient positioning and intravenous access to ensure adequate efficacy of chest compressions, circulation, and airway management. This review will provide an overview of maternal physiologic changes with a focus on cardiopulmonary physiology, pharmacotherapeutic considerations, diagnostic and interventional pulmonary procedures during pregnancy, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pregnancy.
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Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Apr 2017
ReviewPulmonary Complications of Pregnancy: Venous Thromboembolism.
Unique considerations are needed when diagnosing and treating venous thromboembolism (VTE) in women who are pregnant or postpartum. What are the risks to the fetus, such as drug exposure or the risk of radiation with diagnostic imaging? How does the physiology of pregnancy affect imaging techniques and anticoagulation management? How should anticoagulation be managed around labor and delivery? These questions highlight some of the important considerations needed when managing a pregnant patient with suspected or confirmed VTE. This review outlines what is known about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical risk factors, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of VTE in pregnancy. We also review our preferred diagnostic and treatment algorithm for a pregnant patient with suspected or confirmed VTE.
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Respiratory failure affects up to 1 in 500 pregnancies, more commonly in the postpartum period. The causes of respiratory failure include several pregnancy-specific conditions such as preeclampsia, amniotic fluid embolism, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Pregnancy may also increase the risk or severity of other conditions, such as asthma, thromboembolism, viral pneumonitis, and gastric acid aspiration. ⋯ Few studies have addressed prolonged mechanical ventilation management in pregnancy. Optimizing oxygenation is important, but whether permissive hypercapnia is tolerated during pregnancy remains unclear. Delivery of the fetus is often considered but does not always improve maternal respiratory function and should be reserved only for cases where benefit to the fetus is anticipated.
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Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Apr 2017
ReviewInterstitial Lung Disease in Women of Child-Bearing Age.
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an inflammatory and fibrotic infiltrative process of the lung that is often associated with collagen vascular disease in women. Untreated, it results in collagen deposition in the lung interstitium that can lead to a slow suffocating death. ⋯ In this article, our aim is to review diagnosis, treatment, and disease course of ILD in women who are planning a pregnancy or are pregnant. Better understanding of the disease process and knowledge of safe treatments will likely lead to improved pregnancy planning in women with ILD.