Journal of travel medicine
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Safety and immunogenicity of ETVAX®, an oral inactivated vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial among Finnish travellers to Benin, West-Africa.
No licensed human vaccines are available against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a major diarrhoeal pathogen affecting children in low- and middle-income countries and foreign travellers alike. ETVAX®, a multivalent oral whole-cell vaccine containing four inactivated ETEC strains and the heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB), has proved promising in Phase 1 and Phase 1/ 2 studies. ⋯ This Phase 2b trial is the largest on ETVAX® undertaken amongst travellers to date. ETVAX® showed an excellent safety profile and proved strongly immunogenic, which encourages the further development of this vaccine.
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Comparison of clinical and laboratory parameters of primary vs secondary dengue fever in travellers.
Dengue fever (DF), caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is the most common arboviral disease in travellers worldwide. It is hypothesized that compared with primary DF, secondary DF may result in antibody-dependent enhancement of the immune response, resulting in more severe disease. We aimed to compare clinical and laboratory parameters in travellers with primary and secondary DF to determine whether secondary DF is associated with markers of severe disease. ⋯ In a cohort of returning travellers with DF, secondary infection, compared with primary infection, was not associated with a consistent trend towards greater severity of the clinical and laboratory markers examined in this study.
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Recognizing the risk of pandemic and the importance of monitoring and data sharing, we highlight the importance of establishing a global wastewater surveillance consortium, particularly under the umbrella of an international organization such as WHO, to strengthen future pandemic preparedness.