Current opinion in critical care
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Curr Opin Crit Care · Oct 2015
ReviewFungal infections in the ICU: advances in treatment and diagnosis.
The aim of this review is to give an update on the available diagnostic approaches and currently adopted therapeutic management of severe fungal diseases in the ICU setting. ⋯ Critically ill patients may frequently experience severe invasive fungal infections. Biomarkers-based diagnostic approaches give, at the same time, the possibility to early detect the ongoing infection and reduce inappropriate antifungal therapy in nonconfirmed cases. Potent and well tolerated drugs are now available for the treatment of proven cases but clinicians should carefully consider the risk of treatment failure and the availability of new monitoring and therapeutic tools.
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To highlight the importance of escalating pathogen resistance in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) along with diagnostic and treatment implications. ⋯ Clinicians should be aware of risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens causing VAP and also of particularities of diagnosis and treatment of this important clinical entity.
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Curr Opin Crit Care · Oct 2015
ReviewPharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations for the optimization of antimicrobial delivery in the critically ill.
Antimicrobials are very commonly used drugs in the intensive care setting. Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to describe their pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in order to maximize the pharmacological benefit and patient outcome. Translating these new findings into clinical practice is encouraged. ⋯ Optimization of antimicrobial dosing in accordance with pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics targets can improve survival and clinical cure. Dosing regimens for critically ill patients should aim for pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics target attainment by utilizing altered dosing strategies including adaptive feedback using therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Curr Opin Crit Care · Oct 2015
ReviewNew antibiotics and antimicrobial combination therapy for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections.
Increasing rates of life-threatening infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria, such as carbapenemase-producer strains, as well as pathogens that are resistant to all current therapeutic options, have been reported. The number of compounds that are currently being developed is still insufficient to control this global threat. We have reviewed the current available options for the treatment of MDR gram-negative infections, including combination regimens employing older antimicrobials and new compounds. ⋯ Only few new molecules have an adequate activity against MDR gram-negative pathogens, especially carbapenemase-producer strains. Among these, ceftozolane/tazobactam has been recently approved for clinical use. Other compounds, such as avibactam combinations, plazomicin, and eravacycline, have shown promising activity in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials.
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To provide a summary of the recent literature on clinical outcomes in adults with cardiac arrest, focusing on the impact of patient-specific factors in combination with cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) related, and postresuscitative-related factors. ⋯ Further studies, namely randomized controlled trials, assessing the impact of advanced therapies are warranted to evaluate their impact on survival and neurologic function in adults with cardiac arrest.