Clinical drug investigation
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As an increasing number of elderly are undergoing orthopaedic procedures, it is important to understand and evaluate postoperative pain management in this population, especially in regard to opioid use. Data in the literature pertaining to the very elderly remains scarce. ⋯ Our findings further support age-related differences in opioid requirements during the postoperative context after elective orthopaedic surgery, while no difference was found between age groups after urgent surgery.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)-either as single agents or in combination have become the standard of care for an increasing number of indications. Understanding both the ICI-associated adverse events (AEs) and the possible rank-order of these drugs in terms of susceptibility is essential if we are to improve the curative effect and reduce toxicity. ⋯ The results of this study are in agreement with clinical observations, suggesting the usefulness of pharmacovigilance in "real-world" safety monitoring.