Anaerobe
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Probiotics are living microbes taken to confer a health benefit on the host. Although probiotics have a long history of use in Europe and Asia and have been on the U. S. market for over 14 years, there is still confusion about how to effectively use them. ⋯ The advantages of probiotic therapy include multiple mechanisms of action against pathogens, the ability to interact with the host's natural defense systems, survival to the target organ and a good risk to benefit ratio. Disadvantages of probiotics include lack of standardization for clinical trial designs, variations in regulatory standards, poor quality control for some products and infrequent serious adverse reactions. Overall, probiotics offer a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment for AAD and CDI.
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150 Clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheal feces were collected from three parts of Hungary and the presence of genes responsible for toxin A and B, and binary toxin production were examined. MIC distribution against clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin and rifampin of 80 toxigenic strains selected from the above-mentioned strains and 20 large clostridial toxins (LCTs)-positive strains chosen from our earlier strain collection were determined. 80% of the examined 150 strains were positive for both tcdA and tcdB, and no toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates were found during the study period. 5.3% of toxigenic strains proved to be positive for binary toxin too. Among binary toxin-positive strains, one strain showed the same pattern characteristic of PCR ribotype 027. ⋯ No metronidazole resistant isolate was detected among strains isolated in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007. The rates of resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin and rifampin among strains isolated between 2006 and 2007 were 25%, 27.5%, 25% and 6.3%, respectively. Erythromycin resistance was frequently associated with clindamycin and moxifloxacin resistance, however this resistant phenotype was not found among strains isolated in 2002-2003.