Oral diseases
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The distribution and biological roles of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the synovial fluid of patients with non-inflammatory chronic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders were evaluated in relation to pain upon joint movements and X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. ⋯ The results indicated that the IL-6 and TIMP-1 levels in the TMJ aspirates of patients with chronic TMJ disorders have been raised. The former was not detected in the TMJ aspirates of the control. These findings suggest that IL-6 and TIMP-1 might play a role in the etiology of chronic TMJ disorders, but further studies are needed to validate this.
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A previous study demonstrated the presence and possible involvement of Fusobacterium necrophorum in the pathogenesis of noma lesions of children living in agricultural and herding villages in northwestern Nigeria. In order to determine if F. necrophorum was part of the oral flora of malnourished children with no noma lesions, a study of the fusobacteria present in the oral cavities of 30 children, 2-6 years of age in Sokoto State, was undertaken. ⋯ The presence of F. nucleatum and the lack of F. necrophorum, except in one case, suggests that the latter is not normal flora in the children at risk for noma. F. necrophorum, a putative trigger organism for noma may gain a foothold only when certain staging conditions (i.e., lowered host resistance and/or oral lesion) are present.
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In the acute stage of noma the role of surgery is a minor one: wound care and, very occasionally, treatment of haemorrhage. However in patients who survive noma, and develop a mutilated and disabled face (trismus, leakage of saliva, impaired speech), reconstructive surgery may improve their fate significantly. ⋯ Treatment consists of excision of all scar tissue, correction of the trismus and closure of the tissue defects with local, pedicled or free flaps. Because of the large variety of tissue defects and the many surgical options, systematization and subsequently standardization of the reconstructive surgical approach to patients with the sequelae of noma is needed.
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Multicenter Study Comparative Study Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical Trial
Clinical applications of two detection systems for HIV using saliva.
The purpose of this research was to determine if the accuracy of HIV saliva and serum test results were influenced by changes in collection sites. In order to do so, serum and saliva samples were collected from 615 subjects in eight different geographic settings. The oral fluid collection/testing systems utilized were the Orapette SalivaCard HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody test (Trinity Biotech, Ireland) and the Omni-SAL/ImmunoComb II HIV 1 & 2 Saliva Test (Orgenics Ltd, Israel). ⋯ The HIV serum and oral fluid collections were conducted in numerous test sites, which provided a great diversity in temperature, lighting and physical layout. The tests proved to be 99.8% and 100% specific, and both were 100% sensitive, regardless of the physical setting of the collections. While these systems are not currently available in the US, this study clearly demonstrates they can accurately be utilized in a variety of clinical settings, providing great promise for future applications.