Environmental health and preventive medicine
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Environ Health Prev Med · Sep 2019
ReviewThe effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system.
Hookah or waterpipe smoking or use is an emerging trend in the US population, especially among the youth. The misperception of hookah being less harmful than cigarettes and the availability of different but "appealing" flavors are considered among the main reasons for this trend. Hookah users however are exposed to many of the same toxic compounds/by-products as cigarette users, but at dramatically higher levels, which might lead to more severe negative health effects. ⋯ Moreover, because of the overlapping toxicant/chemical profile to conventional cigarettes, hookah smoke effects on the cardiovascular system are thought to be comparable to those of conventional cigarettes. A major source of tobacco addiction is nicotine, whose levels in hookah are extremely variable as they depend on the type of tobacco used. Taken together, in this review of literature, we will provide insights on the negative health effects of hookah in general, with a focus on what is known regarding its impact on the cardiovascular system.
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Environ Health Prev Med · Sep 2019
Perceived social support and presenteeism among healthcare workers in China: the mediating role of organizational commitment.
We assessed the role of social support in presenteeism by examining organizational commitment among Chinese healthcare workers. ⋯ Supervisor support was more important in promoting organizational commitment, while coworker support was more effective in reducing presenteeism. The mediating effect of organizational commitment was significant.