Brain research
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Numerous studies have shown that the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) or beta-amyloid deposits impact many processes that can contribute to neurodegeneration, ranging from immune and inflammatory processes to cell death and apoptosis, processes characteristic of both Alzheimer's disease and head injury. Human and animal studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have shown that Abeta production is increased acutely following injury, and there is evidence for increased amyloid deposition and risk for Alzheimer's disease following TBI. Given the poorer outcome after injury observed both in transgenic mice overproducing Abeta, as well as in humans subjected to repetitive head injury, one may conclude that the presence of elevated brain levels of Abeta, whether endogenous or as a consequence of previous injury, exacerbates many of the deleterious processes triggered by TBI. ⋯ We focused our analyses by creating a "genotype-dependent" data set of response to injury which contained the genes that were uniquely altered in response to injury in either wild-type or APPsw mice, as well as those which were significantly differently modulated following TBI in one genotype compared to the other. The cellular functions predicted to be influenced by these changes in gene expression thus indicate the adverse pathways triggered by increased levels of Abeta, and the potentially favorable (recovery) pathways which are activated in wild-type mice but suppressed when Abeta levels are high. The results show that the cellular functions most influenced by the cerebral Abeta levels following TBI include inflammation, immune response, and cell death, which suggest a particular vulnerability to head injury in the Alzheimer brain.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of gender in histological and functional outcome, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and therapeutic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in mice after traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI caused both tissue loss in the cortex and cell loss in the dentate gyrus (DG) in the injured hemisphere at day 35 post TBI without a significant gender difference. ⋯ The present data demonstrate that posttraumatic administration of rhEPO improves histological and functional outcome in both genders, which may be mediated by reducing cortical tissue damage and DG cell loss in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In addition, the major gender propensity observed in the present study with mice after TBI without treatment is limited to sensorimotor deficits and cell proliferation.
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An abnormal accumulation of cytosolic dopamine resulting in reactive oxygen species and dopamine-quinone products may play an important role in the rather selective degeneration of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. The neuronal-specific vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), responsible for uptake of dopamine into vesicles, has been shown to play a central role both in intracellular dopamine homeostasis and sequestration of dopaminergic neurotoxins. Direct or indirect enhancement of VMAT2 activity could therefore have neuroprotective effects by decreasing cytosolic dopamine levels. ⋯ The opposite was seen after downregulation of VMAT2 using virally delivered shRNAs. Furthermore, using this VMAT2 knockdown model, we are the first to report a direct link between enhanced cytoplasmic dopamine levels, measured following mild permeabilization of the plasma membrane using digitonin, and neurite degeneration in primary dopaminergic neurons. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that an increase in vesicular sequestration of dopamine by modulation of VMAT2 activity could restore neuronal function and enhance dopaminergic cell survival in conditions of dysregulated dopamine homeostasis such as Parkinson's disease.
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Src-suppressed C kinase substrate (SSeCKS), an in vivo and in vitro protein kinase C substrate, is a major lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response protein which markedly upregulated in several organs, including brain, lung, heart, kidney, etc., indicating a possible role of SSeCKS in inflammatory process. In the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes play a pivotal role in immunity as immunocompetent cells by secreting cytokines and inflammatory mediators, there are two types of astrocytes. Type-1 astrocytes can secrete TNF-alpha when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while the responses of type-2 astrocytes during inflammation are unknown. ⋯ In addition, we observed that not only exogenous TNF-alpha but also TNF-alpha produced by type-2 astrocytes affected SSeCKS mRNA production in type-2 astrocytes. These results suggest that an autocrine loop involving TNF-alpha contributes to the production of SSeCKS mRNA in response to inflammation. In addition, SSeCKS production was also drastically suppressed by U0126 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), or SP600125 (SAPK/JNK inhibitor), which indicated that type-2 astrocytes which regulated SSeCKS expression after LPS stimulation were via ERK, SAPK/JNK, and P38MAP kinase signal pathway.
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Exercise training (ET) causes functional and morphologic changes in normal and injured brain. While studies have examined effects of short-term (same day) training on functional brain activation, less work has evaluated effects of long-term training, in particular treadmill running. An improved understanding is relevant as changes in neural reorganization typically require days to weeks, and treadmill training is a component of many neurorehabilitation programs. ⋯ Additional significant changes were noted in the ventral pallidum, superior colliculus, dentate gyrus (increases), and red nucleus (decreases). Following ET, the new dynamic equilibrium of the brain is characterized by increases in the efficiency of neural processing (sensorimotor cortex, striatum, vermis) and an increased influence of the CbTC circuit. Cerebral regions demonstrating changes in neural activation may point to alternate circuits, which may be mobilized during neurorehabilitation.