Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors
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Observational Study
Can EMS Providers Provide Appropriate Tidal Volumes in a Simulated Adult-sized Patient with a Pediatric-sized Bag-Valve-Mask?
In the prehospital setting, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals rely on providing positive pressure ventilation with a bag-valve-mask (BVM). Multiple emergency medicine and critical care studies have shown that lung-protective ventilation protocols reduce morbidity and mortality. Our primary objective was to determine if a group of EMS professionals could provide ventilations with a smaller BVM that would be sufficient to ventilate patients. Secondary objectives included 1) if the pediatric bag provided volumes similar to lung-protective ventilation in the hospital setting and 2) compare volumes provided to the patient depending on the type of airway (mask, King tube, and intubation). ⋯ The study suggests that ventilating an adult patient is possible with a smaller, pediatric-sized BVM. The tidal volumes recorded with the pediatric BVM were more consistent with lung-protective ventilation volumes.
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The American Heart Association guidelines (AHA) guidelines list tachycardia as a contraindication for the administration of nitroglycerin (NTG), despite limited evidence of adverse events. We sought to determine whether NTG administered for chest pain was a predictor of hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg) in patients with tachycardia, compared to patients without tachycardia (50≥ heart rate ≤100). ⋯ Hypotension following prehospital administration of NTG was infrequent in patients with chest pain. However, while the absolute risk of NTG-induced hypotension was low, patients with pre-NTG tachycardia had a significant increase in the relative risk of hypotension. In addition, hypotension occurred most frequently in patients presenting with a lower pre-NTG blood pressure, which may prove to be a more discriminating basis for future guidelines. EMS medical directors should review BLS chest pain protocols to weigh the benefits of NTG administration against its risks.
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Observational Study
Confidence-Competence Mismatch and Reasons for Failure of Non-Medical Tourniquet Users.
Tourniquet application is a lifesaving skill taught worldwide in first aid bleeding control courses. We observed performance among non-medical users of tourniquets in their confidence, competence, and reasons for failure. ⋯ The most common reason for failed use of tourniquets among non-medical users was excess slack in the tourniquet strap. Users self-evaluated their performance inaccurately and demonstrated a confidence-competence mismatch. These pitfalls in performance may help tourniquet instructors improve training of caregivers.
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Observational Study
D10 in the Treatment of Prehospital Hypoglycemia: A 24 Month Observational Cohort Study.
Prehospital first responders historically have used an IV bolus of 50 mL of 50% dextrose solution (D50) for the treatment of hypoglycemia in the field. A local Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system recently approved a hypoglycemia treatment protocol of IV 10% dextrose solution (D10) due to occasional shortages and higher cost of D50. We use the experience of this EMS system to report the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this approach. ⋯ The results of one local EMS system over a 104-week period demonstrate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of using 100 mL of D10 as an alternative to D50. D50 may also have theoretical risks including extravasation injury, direct toxic effects of hypertonic dextrose, and potential neurotoxic effects of hyperglycemia. Additionally, our data suggest that there may be little or no short-term decrease in blood glucose results after D10 administration.