The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
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Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. · Mar 2003
ReviewTurning off the tap: the real solution to cigarette smuggling.
The tobacco industry has argued that tobacco smuggling is caused by market forces, i.e., by the price differences between countries, which create an incentive to smuggle cigarettes from 'cheaper' to 'more expensive' countries, and so urged governments to solve the problem by reducing taxes to remove this differential, which will also, they say, restore revenue. Although such market forces have some effect, smuggling is in fact more prevalent in 'cheaper' countries, and reducing tax is not the solution. Where taxes have been reduced tobacco consumption has risen and revenue has fallen, with disastrous consequences for public health. ⋯ They are often smuggled back into the country of origin, where they are sold at a third to half price. It is therefore profitable because duty has been illegally evaded. The key to controlling cigarette smuggling is not lowering taxes, it is controlling the tobacco manufacturing industry and its exporting practices.
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Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. · Mar 2003
Isolation and characterisation of in vivo released 41 kDa mycobacterial antigen in pulmonary and bone and joint tuberculosis and its identification with H37Ra in vitro released antigen.
To isolate and characterise in vivo released 41 kDa mycobacterial antigen in pulmonary and bone and joint tuberculosis (TB) and its identification with in vitro released ES-41 kDa antigen. ⋯ This study helped to demonstrate the presence of 41 kDa antigen in the serum of pulmonary and bone and joint TB patients and its identification with H37Ra in vitro released 41 kDa antigen.