Depression and anxiety
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Depression and anxiety · Jan 2003
ReviewAre there gender differences in objective and subjective sleep measures? A study of insomniacs and healthy controls.
It is well known that insomnia is more frequent in women than in men throughout all age groups. In this respect insomnia resembles other psychiatric disorders that occur more frequently in women such as anxiety and depressive disorders. Since insomnia is frequently a symptom of anxiety and depression, it remains an open question whether the comorbidity with psychiatric disorders fully explains the gender differences in the prevalence of insomnia or whether gender influences sleep independently from psychiatric conditions. ⋯ These studies indicate that gender seems to have, if any, relatively little influence on sleep per se. We hypothesize that the clear gender differences in the prevalence of insomnia are caused predominantly by gender differences in the prevalence of anxiety and depression. Primary insomnia may be, at least in a part of the cases, a subclinical or subthreshold form of anxiety or depression.
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Depression and anxiety · Jan 2003
Predictors and outcomes in people told that they have panic attacks.
We sought to identify predictors of being told the diagnosis of panic by health care providers and to assess whether being told affected outcomes. We collected data about care-seeking behavior, panic and family characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, and illness behaviors. Outcomes included psychiatric symptomatology, disability, substance use, and control. ⋯ Patient predictors centered on symptom severity. Being told was not associated with outcomes. Hence, care-seeking from emergency departments and mental health sites as well as symptom severity predicted being told but not better outcomes.