British journal of anaesthesia
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This review presents the background to the development of the anaesthetists' non-technical skills (ANTS) taxonomy and behaviour rating tool, which is the first non-technical skills framework specifically designed for anaesthetists. We share the experience of the anaesthetists who designed ANTS in relation to applying it in a department of anaesthesia, using it in a simulation centre, and the process of introducing it to the profession on a national basis. We also consider how ANTS is being applied in relation to training and research in other countries and finally, we discuss emerging issues in relation to the introduction of a non-technical skills approach in anaesthesia.
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Review
Doing a good job and getting something good out of it: on stress and well-being in anaesthesia.
The anaesthetist's work, aimed at giving safe anaesthesia to patients, can do both harm and good to the anaesthetist. Research on stress in anaesthesia has traditionally focused on how the negative effects of stress can be avoided and much effort has been put into improving anaesthetists' work environment to reduce the level of stress. In this review, however, we give attention instead to what the individual anaesthetist can do to improve his or her well-being at work. ⋯ We describe here some lines of thought that experienced anaesthetists use to buffer the effects of work stress on physical health and mental well-being. By reframing a situation, they can reduce its stress content even if the problem at hand cannot be successfully solved. Trainee anaesthetists, who experience much stress at work and are at risk of burnout, would benefit from learning about these coping strategies.
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Simulation is an accepted part of training, assessment, and research in aviation, nuclear power, and the military. Confidence in results in these industries is underpinned by relatively comprehensive and widely accepted standards. ⋯ The absence of standards undermines confidence in the results of any simulation-based endeavour and increases the risk of negative learning. We propose a practical framework for setting standards for simulators for anaesthesia.
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Anaesthetists in the Defence Medical Services spend most of their clinical time in the National Health Service and deploy on military operations every 6-18 months. The deployed operational environment has a number of key differences particularly as there is more severe trauma than an average UK hospital and injury patterns are mainly due to blast or ballistics. Equipment may also be unfamiliar and there is an expectation to be conversant with specific standard operating procedures. ⋯ This includes current work in the field hospital in Afghanistan and also preparing to work for the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. We highlight the importance of human factors with reference to the type of case mix seen in the field hospital. We also detail the current pre-deployment training package, which employs multiple educational tools including high-fidelity simulation.
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The success of incident reporting in improving safety, although obvious in aviation and other high-risk industries, is yet to be seen in health-care systems. An incident reporting system which would improve patient safety would allow front-end clinicians to have easy access for reporting an incident with an understanding that their report will be handled in a non-punitive manner, and that it will lead to enhanced learning regarding the causation of the incident and systemic changes which will prevent it from recurring. At present, significant problems remain with local and national incident reporting systems. ⋯ Finally, it should inform what actions, and at what level/stage, have been taken in response to the reported incidents. For this, local and national systems will be required to work in close cooperation, so that the lessons can be learnt and actions taken within an organization, and across organizations. In the UK, a recently introduced speciality-specific incident reporting system for anaesthesia aims to incorporate the elements of successful reporting system, as presented in this review, to achieve enhanced clinical engagement and improved patient safety.