International journal of clinical practice
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Urea is a well-known moisturiser and keratolytic topical agent. As it is widely used in dermatology, several formulations at different concentrations have been marketed: lotions, creams, foams, ointments, gels and lacquers. Availability of different vehicles and concentration may vary in different countries, but in general products at low, medium and high urea concentration are accessible worldwide. The proper formulation should be chosen according to the disorder to treat, its severity, body areas involved and patients' preference.
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Urea is an emollient widely used in clinical dermatology to moisturise and protect the skin. Non-invasive techniques can be useful in evaluating and quantifying the moisturising and hydrating properties of topically applied urea. Amongst these, transepidermal water loss, skin conductance and capacitance are the most widely used. ⋯ Ultrasound and mechanical properties can be used to investigate the effects on skin smoothness and tone. In conclusion, urea is a fundamental ingredient of cosmetic and dermatological formulations and can have several positive effects on skin function. These can be easily investigated and monitored using non-invasive techniques measuring the stratum corneum function.
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Int. J. Clin. Pract. · Dec 2020
Assessment of clinical features and renal functions in Coronavirus disease-19: A retrospective analysis of 96 patients.
The most common extra pulmonary organ dysfunction in acute respiratory distress syndrome is acute kidney injury. Current data so far indicate low incidence of AKI in Covid-19 disease. ⋯ Our study demonstrated that Covid-19 can cause renal impairment both with pneumonia and ARDS. A large-scale prospective randomised studies are needed to reach final judgement about this topic.
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Urea is a hygroscopic molecule that, because of its moisturising properties, is topically used for the treatment of skin dryness at concentrations ranging from 2% to 12% in different formulations. Based on existing literature, low-concentration urea-containing products are effective in the treatment and/or prevention of xerosis in some skin disorders such as ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, or unrelated to specific skin diseases. Generally, urea formulations at low concentration are well-tolerated and suited for the treatment of large skin areas, once or twice daily, even for a long period of time. At low concentrations stinging and burning sensation is rare and transient, whit no reported sensitisation despite its widespread use.
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Int. J. Clin. Pract. · Dec 2020
Editorial CommentPhysical activity or fitness as medicine for your arteries?