The British journal of nutrition
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The aim of the study was to examine the association of dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load with the risk of type 2 diabetes among an urban adult Asian Indian population. Adult subjects aged >20 years (n 1843) were randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, in Chennai city in southern India. Dietary carbohydrates, glycaemic load and food groups were assessed using FFQ. ⋯ In the multivariate model, after adjustment for potential confounders, total carbohydrate (OR 4.98 (95 % CI 2.69, 9.19), P < 0.001), glycaemic load (OR 4.25 (95 % CI 2.33, 7.77); P < 0.001) and glycaemic index (OR 2.51 (95 % CI 1.42, 4.43); P = 0.006) were associated with type 2 diabetes. Dietary fibre intake was inversely associated with diabetes (OR 0.31 (95 % CI 0.15, 0.62); P < 0.001). In urban south Indians, total dietary carbohydrate and glycaemic load are associated with increased, and dietary fibre with decreased, risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Soya isoflavone supplementation enhances spatial working memory in men.
Females perform better in certain memory-related tasks than males. Sex differences in cognitive performance may be attributable to differences in circulating oestrogen acting on oestrogen beta receptors (ERbeta) which are prevalent in brain regions such as the hippocampus, frontal lobe and cortex that mediate cognitive functions. Since soya isoflavones are known to activate ERbeta, chronic isoflavone supplementation in males may improve cognitive performance in memory-related tasks. ⋯ Compared with placebo supplementation, there were 18 % fewer attempts (P = 0.01), 23 % fewer errors (P = 0.02) and 17 % less time (P = 0.03) required to correctly identify the requisite information. Isoflavones did not affect auditory and episodic memory (Paired Associate Learning, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Task, Backward Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing), executive function (Trail Making and Initial Letter Fluency Task) or visual-spatial processing (Mental Rotation Task). Isoflavone supplementation in healthy males may enhance cognitive processes which appear dependent on oestrogen activation.