European journal of pain : EJP
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Smokers report more pain and worse functioning. The evidence from pain clinics suggests that depression affects this relationship: The association between smoking and chronic pain is weakened when controlling for depression. This study explored the relationship between smoking, pain and depression in a large general population-based cohort (Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study). ⋯ In contrast to smokers treated in pain clinics, a history of MDD mediated the relationship between smoking and pain intensity, but not pain-related disability in smokers in the community.
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Paediatric chronic pain patients are a heterogeneous group. Individuals respond differently to standardized treatment. ⋯ The patient subgroups that were established proved stable across samples. Depending on the subgroup classification, patients differed in changes of core outcomes. These results offer initial hints for the need for subgroup-specific treatment planning.
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Adrenomedullin (AM) belongs to the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family. Our previous studies show that chronic exposure to morphine increases spinal AM bioactivity, contributing to the development and maintenance of morphine tolerance. This study investigated the possible involvement of AM in morphine-evoked gliosis. ⋯ The present study supports the idea that up-regulation of the pronociceptive mediator AM can recruit spinal glial cells, resulting in an increase in cytokines during chronic use of morphine.