Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society
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Introduction. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and of the pars interna of Globus Pallidus (GPi) is used to improve parkinsonian symptoms and attenuate levodopa-induced motor complications in Parkinson's disease (PD) (DBS for PD study group, 2001). It is still not clear what the best anatomic structures to stimulate are or what the physiologic effects of DBS are. ⋯ Most patients remained were chronically treated with bilateral stimulation of both targets. Conclusion. We conclude that DBS of STN and GPi was effective, with most patients treated chronically with both targets stimulated.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term infection risk from refilling intrathecal drug delivery devices. We studied 25 patients (14 females and 11 males) with intrathecal infusion pumps placed for spasticity (23 patients) and chronic pain (two patients). In this study group there were 890 refill procedures (mean 35.6 ± 20.5; range 8-72 times) performed on an outpatient basis by four different physicians. ⋯ All cultures, in all pumps, were negative for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. We conclude that periodic refills of intrathecal implanted pumps do not seem to be a risk factor for infection if standard sterile refill procedures are performed. In this study, it was clear that comorbid infections from other parts of the body do not present as a risk for device contamination.
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In recent years, part of the muscle resistance in spastic patients has been explained by changes in the elastic properties of muscles. However, the adaptive spinal mechanisms responsible for the exaggeration of stretch reflex activity also contribute to muscle stiffness. The available data suggest that no single spinal mechanism is responsible for the development of spasticity but that failure of different spinal inhibitory mechanisms (reciprocal IA inhibition, presynaptic inhibition, IB inhibition, recurrent inhibition) are involved in different patients depending on the site of lesion and the etiology of the spastic symptoms. ⋯ This is ensured by increasing transmission in several spinal inhibitory pathways. In spastic patients, this control is inadequate, and therefore stretch reflexes in antagonist muscles are easily evoked at the beginning of voluntary movements or in the transition from flexor to extensor muscle activity. This problem is contradicted by the fact that antispastic therapy to improve voluntary movements should be directed.
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Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has traditionally been applied to the treatment of neuropathic pain with good to excellent outcomes. Visceral pain syndromes can be just as debilitating and disabling as somatic and neuropathic pain, however, there seems to be a general lack of consensus on appropriate treatment strategies for these disorders. We present here several case studies to demonstrate the viscerotomal distribution of abdominal visceral pain pathways and the application of traditional SCS techniques for its management. ⋯ There was an overall mean reduction of 4.9 points in the VAS score for pain intensity and a substantial (> 50%) decrease in narcotic use. All patients were followed for more than one year with excellent outcomes and minimal complications. We conclude, based on these case reports, that SCS might be an effective, nondestructive, and reversible treatment modality for abdominal visceral pain disorders.
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We present here a descriptive article on the development of a national quality system for neuromodulatory techniques in the Netherlands. In 1994, due to reimbursement difficulties in the Netherlands, a Neuromodulation Working Group (WGN) undertook an initiative to develop a national quality system for neuromodulation. It was believed that with official recognition of neuromodulation as a therapy by the health authorities in the Netherlands, a quality system for monitoring would then follow. ⋯ We therefore conclude that developed quality systems can provide a basis for medical specialists to cooperate around groups of patients or diseases. These quality systems can facilitate implementation and innovation within the health care system. The role of medical specialists and their will to cooperate is essential.