Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology
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Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was discovered in 2001 as a causative agent of respiratory disease in young children, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. Clinical signs of hMPV infection range from mild respiratory illness to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. ⋯ The studies in rodent and non-human primate models look promising, but none of the vaccine candidates has been tested yet in human volunteers. Here we give an overview of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a variety of live attenuated, virus vectored, inactivated virus and subunit vaccines that have been tested in animal models.