J Neuroradiology
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is having a disruptive and transformative effect on clinical medicine. Prompt clinical diagnosis and imaging are critical for minimizing the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Clinicians must understand the current strengths and limitations of AI to provide optimal patient care. ⋯ In this review, we explain the basic concept of AI and machine learning. This review is without coding and mathematical details and targets the clinicians involved in stroke management without any computer or mathematics' background. Here the AI application in ischemic stroke is summarized and classified into stroke imaging (automated diagnosis of brain infarction, automated ASPECT score calculation, infarction segmentation), prognosis prediction, and patients' selection for treatment.
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The hypoglossal nerve gives motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Pathology of this nerve affects the balanced action of the genioglossus muscle causing tongue deviation toward the weak side. Clinically, hypoglossal nerve palsy manifests with difficulty chewing, swallowing and with dysarthric speech herein, we review the anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve as well as common and infrequent lesions that can affect this nerve along its course.
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Pediatric suprasellar masses are unique in their clinical presentation and imaging features. The differential diagnosis, incidence, surgical approach and adjuvant treatment options differ from adult tumors. ⋯ In this article, we review the characteristic MR imaging findings of common suprasellar masses in children. We also briefly discuss useful MR imaging sequences and planes used in the initial evaluation of a pediatric suprasellar mass and clinical findings at presentation.
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Detection of an intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a common finding in MRI practice. Nowadays, the incidence of unruptured IA seems to be increasing with the continuous evolution of imaging techniques. ⋯ No diagnostic test based on genetic knowledge is currently available to identify theses mutations and patients who are at higher risk for developing IAs. In the longer term, a more comprehensive understanding of independent and interdependent molecular pathways germane to IA formation and rupture may guide the physician in developing targeted therapies and optimizing prognostic risk assessment.
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Neuroimaging is critical in the evaluation of patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and MRI is the recommended modality to image an ischemic lesion. The presence of a diffusion (DWI) lesion in a patient with transient neurological symptoms confirms the vascular origin of the deficit and is predictive of a high risk of stroke. Refinement of MR studies including high resolution DWI and perfusion imaging using either MRI or CT further improve the detection of ischemic lesions. Rapid etiological work-up includes non-invasive imaging of cervical and intracranial arteries to search for symptomatic stenosis/occlusion associated with an increased risk of stroke.